Abstract:

We study the time evolution of a state of a relativistic quantum field theory restricted to a spatial subregion Ω. More precisely, we use the Feynman-Vernon influence functional formalism to describe the dynamics of the field theory in the interior of Ω arising after integrating out the degrees of freedom in the exterior. We show how the influence of the environment gets encoded in a boundary term. Furthermore, we derive a stochastic equation of motion for the field expectation value in the interior. We find that the boundary conditions obtained in this way are energy non-conserving and non-local in space and time. Our results find applications in understanding the emergence of local thermalization in relativistic quantum field theories and the relationship between quantum field theory and relativistic fluid dynamics.

M. Schröfl, S. Floerchinger, „Time Evolution of Relativistic Quantum Fields in Spatial Subregions“,
9. Juni 2024, arXiv:2406.05795 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.05795

Related to Project A06, C06

Abstract:

An impurity interacting with an ultracold Fermi gas can form either a polaron state or a dressed molecular state, the molaron, in which the impurity forms a bound state with one gas particle. This molaron state features rich physics, including a negative effective mass around unitarity and a first-order transition to the polaron state. However, these features have remained so far experimentally inaccessible. In this work we show theoretically how the molaron state can be directly prepared experimentally even in its excited states using Raman spectroscopy techniques. Initializing the system in the ultrastrong coupling limit, where the binding energy of the molaron is much larger than the Fermi energy, our protocol maps out the momentum-dependent spectral function of the molecule. Using a diagrammatic approach we furthermore show that the molecular spectral function serves as a direct precursor of the elusive Fulde-Ferell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase, which is realized for a finite density of fermionic impurity particles. Our results pave the way to a systematic understanding of how composite particles form in quantum many-body environments and provide a basis to develop new schemes for the observation of exotic phases of quantum many-body systems.

O. K. Diessel, J. von Milczewski, A. Christianen, R. Schmidt, „Probing molecular spectral
functions and unconventional pairing using Raman spectroscopy“, Phys. Rev. Res. 6, 023239
(2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.023239

Related to Project C01

Abstract:

We investigate a disorder-free quantum Ising chain subject to a time-periodic drive that rotates each spin by an angle 𝜋⁢(1−𝜀𝑖). In case all spins experience the same deviation 𝜀 and the system is initialized in a fully polarized state, the dynamics is known to be time crystalline: the magnetization of the system exhibits period-doubled oscillations for timescales that grow exponentially with the length of the chain. In this work, we study the effect of a deviation 𝜀 that differs between spins. We find that reducing 𝜀 for a single spin drastically enhances the lifetime of spatiotemporal order, suggesting the name metronome spin. Employing perturbative arguments in an average Hamiltonian picture, we explain this observation for initial states with macroscopic bulk magnetization. Furthermore, in the case of random bit-string initial states, we report the enhancement of the lifetime of a topological edge mode, which can also be understood in the same picture. Finally, we discuss an altered geometry in which the metronome spin is not directly part of the chain, affecting the dynamics in different ways in the two scenarios considered. Our findings unveil the intricate dynamics that emerge in Floquet systems under the influence of a spatially varying drive, thereby uncovering new avenues for Floquet engineering.

N. Euler, A. Braemer, L. Benn, M. Gärttner, „Metronome spin stabilizes time-crystalline dynamics“,
Phys. Rev. B 109, 224301 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.109.224301

Related to Project A05

Abstract:

A high-precision Penning-trap experiment was operated with a programmable 20 V Josephson voltage source, providing a significantly higher stability of the electrostatic trapping potential. This increased the motional frequency stability of a trapped ion by about a factor of two with respect to state-of-the-art voltage sources. An absolute axial frequency stability of 7.8(6) mHz corresponding to a relative precision of 9.7(8) x 10^-9 at 795 kHz was demonstrated using a trapped ⁹Be³⁺ ion as a measurement probe. The enhanced stability in the trapping potential opens up the possibility for improved determinations of the proton and antiproton magnetic moments and direct high-precision measurements of the nuclear magnetic moments of ²H, ³He, and ⁷Li. In the field of mass spectrometry, the developments will enable measurements of cyclotron frequency ratios and, thus, mass ratio measurements with unprecedented relative statistical uncertainties below the 10^-12 level.

A. Kaiser, S. Dickopf, M. Door, R. Behr, U. Beutel, S. Eliseev, A. Kaushik, K. Kromer, M.
Müller, L. Palafox, S. Ulmer, A. Mooser, K. Blaum, „Josephson voltage standards as ultrastable
low-noise voltage sources for precision Penning-trap experiments “, Appl. Phys. Lett.
124, 224002 (2024).

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0206779

Related to Project B01

Abstract:

The production of virtual photons is a very sensitive probe of the properties of the quark-gluon plasma. As they are experimentally detected by lepton pairs, they suffer from a large background arising from hadron decays. Light-flavour hadrons dominate at low invariant masses below m_ee ~ 0.5 GeV and heavy flavours above. These contributions must therefore also be taken into account in experimental analyses at the LHC. In this paper, we calculate the direct contribution from virtual photons produced in the Drell-Yan process with an additional jet in POWHEG and find that it is significant at low invariant masses. We also simulate the background contributions from cc^\bar and bb^\bar production with POWHEG and quantify the theoretical uncertainties due to variations of the perturbative scales and parton distribution functions. We find larger relative and absolute uncertainties for the lighter c quarks than for heavier b quarks.

A. Andronic, T. Jezo, M. Klasen, C. Klein-Bösing, A. P. Neuwirth, „Di-electron production at
the LHC: unravelling virtual-photon and heavy-flavour contributions“, JHEP 05, 222 (2024).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)222

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

Probabilistic cellular automata with deterministic updating are quantum systems. We employ the quantum formalism for an investigation of random probabilistic cellular automata, which start with a probability distribution over initial configurations. The properties of the deterministic updating are randomly distributed over space and time. We are interested in a possible continuum limit for a very large number of cells. As an example we consider bits with two colors, moving to the left or right on a linear chain. At randomly distributed scattering points, they change direction and color. A numerical simulation reveals the typical features of quantum systems. We find particular initial probability distributions which reemerge periodically after a certain number of time steps, as produced by the periodic evolution of energy eigenstates in quantum mechanics. Using a description in terms of wave functions allows to introduce statistical observables for momentum and energy. They characterize the probabilistic information without taking definite values for a given bit configuration, with a conceptual status similar to temperature in classical statistical thermal equilibrium. Conservation of energy and momentum are essential ingredients for the understanding of the evolution of our stochastic probabilistic automata. This evolution resembles in some aspects a single Dirac fermion in two dimensions with a random potential.

A. Kreuzkamp, C. Wetterich, „Quantum Systems from Random Probabilistic Automata“,
16. Mai 2024, arXiv:2405.09829 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.09829

Related to Project C01

Abstract:

We consider a scalar quantum field theory with global O(N)3 symmetry in four Euclidean dimensions and solve it numerically in closed form in the large-N limit. For imaginary tetrahedral coupling the theory is asymptotically free, with stable and real quantum effective action. We demonstrate the dynamical build-up of a strong interaction as the correlation length increases in a regime where the coupling renormalization flow remains well-defined in the infrared. This is in contrast to perturbative results of asymptotically free theories, which predict that the coupling becomes ill-defined in the infrared, like in quantum chromodynamics. These properties make the model an important laboratory for the study of strong-coupling phenomena in quantum field theory from first principles.

J. Berges, R. Gurau, H. Keppler, T. Preis, „Coupling renormalization flow in the strongly
interacting regime of an asymptotically free quantum field theory in four dimensions“, 13. Mai
2024, arXiv:2405.08153 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.08153

Related to Project B03, B04

Abstract:

We investigate pattern formation in two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) caused by periodic driving of the interatomic interaction. We show that this modulation generically leads to a stable square grid density pattern, due to nonlinear effects beyond the initial Faraday instability. We take the amplitudes of two waves parametrizing the two-dimensional density pattern as order parameters in pattern formation. For these amplitudes, we derive a set of coupled time-evolution equations from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with a time-periodic interaction. We identify the fixed points of the time evolution and show by stability analysis that the inhomogeneous density exhibits a square grid pattern, which can be understood as a manifestation of a stable fixed point. Our stability analysis establishes the pattern in BECs as a nonequilibrium steady state.

K. Fujii, S. L. Görlitz, N. Liebster, M. Sparn, E. Kath, H. Strobel, M. K. Oberthaler, T. Enss,
„Stable-fixed-point description of square-pattern formation in driven two-dimensional Bose-
Einstein condensates“, Phys. Rev. A 109, L051301 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.109.L051301

Related to Project C02, C03, A04

Abstract:

We present an optical aberration correction technique for ultracold quantum gas experiments which directly utilizes the quantum gas as a wavefront sensor. The direct use of the quantum gas enables correcting aberrations that are otherwise impractical to measure, e.g. introduced by vacuum windows. We report a root-mean-square precision and accuracy of 0.01{\lambda} and 0.03{\lambda}, respectively, and also show independently the reduction of aberrations through measurement of the trap frequency of our optical tweezer. These improvements were achieved for a tweezer size that is well below our imaging resolution. The present work is in particular intended to serve as a tutorial for experimentalists interested in implementing similar methods in their experiment.

P. Hill, P. Lunt, J. Reiter, M. Galka, P. Preiss, S. Jochim, „Optical Phase Aberration Correction with an Ultracold Quantum Gas“, 25. Apr. 2024, arXiv:2404.16827 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16827

Related to Project C01, C02

Abstract:

The hydrodynamic attractor is a concept that describes universal equilibration behavior in which systems lose microscopic details before hydrodynamics becomes applicable. We propose a setup to observe hydrodynamic attractors in ultracold atomic gases, taking advantage of the fact that driving the two-body s-wave scattering length causes phenomena equivalent to isotropic fluid expansions. We specifically consider two-component fermions with contact interactions in three dimensions and discuss their dynamics under a power-law drive of the scattering length in a uniform system, employing a hydrodynamic relaxation model. We analytically solve their dynamics and find the hydrodynamic attractor solution. Our results establish the cold atom systems as a new platform for exploring hydrodynamic attractors.

K. Fujii, T. Enss, „Hydrodynamic Attractor in Ultracold Atoms“, 19. Apr. 2024, arXiv:2404.12921 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12921

Related to Project C02, C06, ABC

Abstract:

The investigation of the absolute scale of the effective neutrino mass remains challenging due to the exclusively weak interaction of neutrinos with all known particles in the standard model of particle physics. At present, the most precise and least-model-dependent upper limit on the electron antineutrino mass is set by the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) from the analysis of the tritium β-decay. Another promising approach is the electron capture in ¹⁶³Ho, which is under investigation using microcalorimetry by the Electron Capture in Holmium (ECHo) and HOLMES collaborations. An independently measured Q value for this process is vital for the assessment of systematic uncertainties in the neutrino mass determination. Here we report a direct, independent determination of this Q value by measuring the free-space cyclotron frequency ratio of highly charged ions of ¹⁶³Ho and ¹⁶³Dy in the Penning-trap experiment PENTATRAP. Combining this ratio with atomic physics calculations of the electronic binding energies yields a Q value of 2,863.2 ± 0.6 eV c⁻², which represents a more than 50-fold improvement over the state of the art. This will enable the determination of the electron neutrino mass on a sub-electronvolt level from the analysis of the electron capture in ¹⁶³Ho.

M. W. Haverkort, C. H. Keitel, K. Blaum et al., „Penning-trap measurement of the Q value of
electron capture in 163Ho for the determination of the electron neutrino mass“, Nature Phys.
20, 921 (2024).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02461-9

Related to Project B01, B02

Abstract:

The scaling of local quantum entropies is of utmost interest for characterizing quantum fields, many-body systems, and gravity. Despite their importance, theoretically and experimentally accessing quantum entropies is challenging as they are nonlinear functionals of the underlying quantum state. Here, we show that suitably chosen classical entropies capture the very same features as their quantum analogs for an experimentally relevant setting. We describe the post-quench dynamics of a multi-well spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate from an initial product state via measurement distributions of spin observables and estimate the corresponding entropies using the asymptotically unbiased k-nearest neighbor method. We observe the dynamical build-up of quantum correlations signaled by an area law, as well as local thermalization revealed by a transition to a volume law, both in regimes characterized by non-Gaussian distributions. We emphasize that all relevant features can be observed at small sample numbers without assuming a specific functional form of the distributions, rendering our method directly applicable to a large variety of models and experimental platforms.

Y. Deller, M. Gärttner, T. Haas, M. K. Oberthaler, M. Reh, H. Strobel, „Area laws and thermalization
from classical entropies in a Bose-Einstein condensate“, 18. Apr. 2024, arXiv:2404.
12321 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12321

Related to Project A06

Abstract:

We investigate the information extractable from measurement distributions of two non-commuting spin observables in a multi-well spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate. We provide a variety of analytic and numerical evidence that suitably chosen classical entropies and classical mutual informations thereof contain the typical feature of quantum entropies known in quantum field theories, that is, the area law, even in the non-Gaussian regime and for a non-zero temperature. Towards a feasible experimental implementation, we estimate entropic quantities from a finite number of samples without any additional assumptions on the underlying quantum state using k-nearest neighbor estimators.

Y. Deller, M. Gärttner, T. Haas, M. K. Oberthaler, M. Reh, H. Strobel, „Area laws for classical
entropies in a spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate“, 18. Apr. 2024, arXiv:2404 . 12323 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12323

Related to Project A06

Abstract:

Many homogeneous, four-dimensional space-time geometries can be considered within real projective geometry, which yields a mathematically well-defined framework for their deformations and limits without the appearance of singularities. Focussing on generalized unitary transformation behavior, projective quantum fields can be axiomatically introduced, which transform smoothly under geometry deformations and limits. Connections on the related projective frame bundles provide gauge fields with gauge group PGL5R. For Poincaré geometry, on operator level only P(GL2R×GL3R)≅R≠0×PGL2R×PGL3R gauge bosons can interact non-trivially with other projective quantum fields from the non- to ultra-relativistic limits. The corresponding propagating, complexified gauge bosons come with the Standard Model gauge group GSM=(U(1)×SU(2)×SU(3))/Z6. Physical scale transformations can act as global gauge transformations and their spontaneous breaking can lead to masses for the projective quantum fields including the SU(2) gauge bosons. Projective quantum fields, which are irreducible both with respect to the Lie algebra pgl5R and the Poincaré group, form Dirac fermions and GSM gauge bosons interact with them similar to the Standard Model. For homogeneous, curved Lorentz geometries a gauge group similar to the gauge group of metric-affine gravity appears.

D. Spitz, „Similarities between projective quantum fields and the Standard Model“, 17. Apr.
2024, arXiv:2404.11425 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.11425

Related to Project

Abstract:

Considering homogeneous four-dimensional space-time geometries within real projective geometry provides a mathematically well-defined framework to discuss their deformations and limits without the appearance of coordinate singularities. On Lie algebra level the related conjugacy limits act isomorphically to concatenations of contractions. We axiomatically introduce projective quantum fields on homogeneous space-time geometries, based on correspondingly generalized unitary transformation behavior and projectivization of the field operators. Projective correlators and their expectation values remain well-defined in all geometry limits, which includes their ultraviolet and infrared limits. They can degenerate with support on space-time boundaries and other lower-dimensional space-time subspaces. We explore fermionic and bosonic superselection sectors as well as the irreducibility of projective quantum fields. Dirac fermions appear, which obey spin-statistics as composite quantum fields. The framework might be of use for the consistent description of quantum fields in holographic correspondences and their flat limits.

D. Spitz, „Quantum fields on projective geometries“, 26. März 2024, arXiv:2403.17996 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.17996

Related to Project

Abstract:

The functional determinant approach (FDA) is a simple method to compute exactly certain observables for ideal quantum systems and has been successfully applied to the Fermi polaron problem to obtain the dynamical overlap and spectral function. Unfortunately, its application to Bosonic ultracold gases is prohibited by the failure of the grand canonical ensemble for these systems. In this paper, we show how to circumvent this problem and develop a Bosonic FDA. This yields exact injection and ejection spectra for ideal Bose polarons at arbitrary temperatures. While coherent features visible at absolute zero quickly smear out with rising temperature as expected, the line width of the main peak is, counterintuitively, found to decrease near unitarity. We compare the results to the Fermi polaron problem, for which we provide more detailed spectra than previously available by deriving an explicit formula for the overlap operator.

M. Drescher, M. Salmhofer, T. Enss, „Bosonic Functional Determinant Approach and its Application
to Polaron Spectra“, 20. März 2024, arXiv:2403.13582 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13582

Related to Project C03, C02

Abstract:

To maximise the information obtained from various independent new physics searches conducted at the LHC, it is imperative to consider the combination of multiple analyses. To showcase the exclusion power gained by combining signal regions from different searches, we consider a simplified scenario inspired by supersymmetry, with all particles but one squark flavour and a bino-like neutralino decoupled. The corresponding signal therefore comprises strong squark pair production, associated squark-neutralino production, as well as weak neutralino pair production. We find that considering the associated and strong production mechanisms together significantly impacts mass limits, while contributions from the weak production are insignificant in the context of current exclusion limits. In addition, we demonstrate that the combination of uncorrelated signal regions as assessed from the recent TACO approach substantially pushes exclusion limits towards higher masses, relative to the bounds derived from the most sensitive individual analyses.

A. Feike, J. Fiaschi, B. Fuks, M. Klasen, A. P. Neuwirth, „Combination and Reinterpretation
of LHC SUSY Searches“, 18. März 2024, arXiv:2403.11715 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.11715

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

The Standard Model of particle physics describes the properties of elementary particles and their interactions remarkably well, but in particular does not account for dark matter. Isotope-shift spectroscopy is a sensitive probe of fifth forces and new particles that illuminate the dark matter sector. This method sets bounds on new bosons that couple neutrons and electrons with masses in the keV/c2 to MeV/c2 range. With increasing spectroscopic precision, such searches are limited by uncertainties of isotope masses and the understanding of nuclear structure. Here, we report on high-precision mass-ratio and isotope-shift measurements of the ytterbium isotopes 168,170,172,174,176Yb that exceed previous measurements by up to two orders of magnitude. From these measurements, we extract higher-order changes in the nuclear charge distribution along the Yb isotope chain and use these to benchmark novel ab initio calculations. Our measurements set new bounds on the existence of the proposed boson.

M. Door, C.-H. Yeh, M. Heinz, K. Blaum et al., „Search for new bosons with ytterbium isotope shifts“, 12. März 2024, arXiv:2403.07792 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07792

Related to Project B01

Abstract:

We study nonequilibrium dynamics of relativistic 𝑁-component scalar field theories in Minkowski space-time in a classical statistical regime, where typical occupation numbers of modes are much larger than unity. In this strongly correlated system far from equilibrium, the role of different phenomena such as nonlinear wave propagation and defect dynamics remains to be clarified. We employ persistent homology to infer topological features of the nonequilibrium many-body system for different numbers of field components 𝑁 via a hierarchy of cubical complexes. Specifically, we show that the persistent homology of local energy density fluctuations can give rise to signatures of self-similar scaling associated with topological defects, distinct from the scaling behavior of nonlinear wave modes. This contributes to the systematic understanding of the role of topological defects for far-from-equilibrium time evolutions of nonlinear many-body systems.

V. Noel, D. Spitz, „Detecting defect dynamics in relativistic field theories far from equilibrium
using topological data analysis“, Phys. Rev. D 109, 056011 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.056011

Related to Project A04, B03

Abstract:

Vacuum birefringence produces a differential phase between orthogonally polarized components of a weak electromagnetic probe in the presence of a strong electromagnetic field. Despite representing a hallmark prediction of quantum electrodynamics, vacuum birefringence remains untested in pure light configurations due to the extremely large electromagnetic fields required for a detectable phase difference. Here, we exploit the programmable focal velocity and extended focal range of a flying focus laser pulse to substantially lower the laser power required for detection of vacuum birefringence. In the proposed scheme, a linearly polarized x-ray probe pulse counterpropagates with respect to a flying focus pulse, whose focus moves at the speed of light in the same direction as the x-ray probe. The peak intensity of the flying focus pulse overlaps the probe over millimeter-scale distances and induces a polarization ellipticity on the order of ${10}^{-10}$, which lies within the detection sensitivity of existing x-ray polarimeters.

M. Formanek, J. P. Palastro, D. Ramsey, S. Weber, A. Di Piazza, „Signatures of vacuum birefringence
in low-power flying focus pulses“, Phys. Rev. D 109, 056009 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.056009

Related to Project B02

Abstract:

We theoretically investigate the impact of weak perturbations of a flat potential on the density of a quasi-two-dimensional dipolar Bose gas. We use a mean-field perturbative treatment of the potential defects and derive their effects at first order in the mean-field stable regime. We first focus on defects containing a single spatial frequency and study the wavevector dependence of the density perturbation. A qualitative modification of the wavenumber dependence with the interaction parameters and a sensitivity in the excitation direction reveal the long-range and anisotropic dipolar effects. These effects are found to be most important at intermediate wavenumbers and can give rise to a local maximum in the density perturbation reminiscent of the roton mode softening and local instabilities. The dependence on the gas and interaction parameters is studied. The case of a flat potential perturbed with white noise on a certain momentum range is then examined. Here it is found that the strength perturbation becomes independent of the mean density when sufficiently large. Our study touches upon experimentally relevant issues, giving hints on how flat a uniform potential should be to achieve uniform quasi-two-dimensional dipolar Bose gases.

T. Bourgeois, L. Chomaz, „How is the density of quasi-two-dimensional uniform dipolar quantum
Bose gases affected by trap imperfections?“, 7. März 2024, arXiv:2403.04719 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04719

Related to Project A07

Abstract:

Important properties of complex quantum many-body systems and their phase diagrams can often already be inferred from the impurity limit. The Bose polaron problem describing an impurity atom immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate is a paradigmatic example. The interplay between the impurity-mediated attraction between the bosons and their intrinsic repulsion makes this model rich and interesting, but also complex to describe theoretically. To tackle this challenge, we develop a quantum chemistry-inspired computational technique and compare two variational methods that fully include both the boson-impurity and interboson interactions. We find one regime where the impurity-mediated interactions overcome the repulsion between the bosons, so that a sweep of the boson-impurity interaction strength leads to an instability of the polaron due to the formation of many-body clusters. If instead the interboson interactions dominate, the impurity will experience a crossover from a polaron into a few-body bound state. We achieve a unified understanding incorporating both of these regimes and show that they are experimentally accessible. Moreover, we develop an analytical model that allows us to interpret these phenomena in the Landau framework of phase transitions, revealing a deep connection of the Bose polaron model to both few- and many-body physics.

A. Christianen, J. I. Cirac, R. Schmidt, „Phase diagram for strong-coupling Bose polarons“,
SciPost Phys. 16, 067 (2024).

https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.16.3.067

Related to Project C07

Abstract:

Wilson’s renormalization-group approach to the weakly-interacting single-component Bose gas is discussed within the symmetry-broken, condensate phase. Extending upon the work by Bijlsma and Stoof [Phys. Rev. A 54, 5085 (1996)], wave-function renormalization of the temporal derivative contributions to the effective action is included in order to capture sound-like quasiparticle excitations with wave lengths larger than the healing-length scale. By means of a suitable rescaling scheme we achieve convergence of the coupling flows, which serve as a means to determine the condensate depletion in accordance with Bogoliubov theory, as well as the interaction-induced shift of the critical temperature.

N. Rasch, A. N. Mikheev, T. Gasenzer, „Bogoliubov phonons in a Bose-Einstein condensate from the one-loop perturbative renormalization group“, 29. Feb. 2024, arXiv:2402.19239 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.19239

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

We realize a Laughlin state of two rapidly rotating fermionic atoms in an optical tweezer. By utilizing a single atom and spin resolved imaging technique, we sample the Laughlin wavefunction, thereby revealing its distinctive features, including a vortex distribution in the relative motion, correlations in the particles’ relative angle, and suppression of the inter-particle interactions. Our work lays the foundation for atom-by-atom assembly of fractional quantum Hall states in rotating atomic gases.

P. Lunt, P. Hill, J. Reiter, P. M. Preiss, M. Gałka, S. Jochim, „Realization of a Laughlin state
of two rapidly rotating fermions“, 22. Feb. 2024, arXiv:2402.14814 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.14814

Related to Project C01

Abstract:

The strongly attractive Fermi gas in the BCS-BEC crossover is efficiently described in terms of coupled fermions and fermion pairs, or molecules. We compute the spectral functions of both fermions and pairs in the normal state near the superfluid transition using a Keldysh formulation in real frequency. The mutual influence between fermions and pairs is captured by solving the self-consistent Luttinger-Ward equations: These include both the damping of fermions by scattering off dressed pairs and the decay of pair states by dissociation into two dressed fermions. The pair spectra encode contact correlations between fermions and form the basis for computing dynamical response functions and transport properties.

T. Enss, „Particle and pair spectra for strongly correlated Fermi gases: A real-frequency solver“,
Phys. Rev. A 109, 023325 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.109.023325

Related to Project C03, C02

Abstract:

Time reversal in a macroscopic system is contradicting daily experience. It is practically impossible to restore a shattered cup to its original state by just time reversing the microscopic dynamics that led to its breakage. Yet, with the precise control capabilities provided by modern quantum technology, the unitary evolution of a quantum system can be reversed in time. Here, we implement a time-reversal protocol in a dipolar interacting, isolated many-body spin system represented by Rydberg states in an atomic gas. By changing the states encoding the spin, we flip the sign of the interaction Hamiltonian, and demonstrate the reversal of the relaxation dynamics of the magnetization by letting a demagnetized many-body state evolve back-in-time into a magnetized state. We elucidate the role of atomic motion using the concept of a Loschmidt echo. Finally, by combining the approach with Floquet engineering, we demonstrate time reversal for a large family of spin models with different symmetries. Our method of state transfer is applicable across a wide range of quantum simulation platforms and has applications far beyond quantum many-body physics, reaching from quantum-enhanced sensing to quantum information scrambling.

S. Geier, A. Braemer, E. Braun, M. Müllenbach, T. Franz, M. Gärttner, G. Zürn, M. Weidemüller,
„Time-reversal in a dipolar quantum many-body spin system“, 21. Feb. 2024, arXiv:2402.13873 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13873

Related to Project A05

Abstract:

Whether or not femto-scale droplets of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) are formed in so-called small systems at high-energy colliders is a pressing question in the phenomenology of the strong interaction. For proton-proton or proton-nucleus collisions the answer is inconclusive due to the large theoretical uncertainties plaguing the description of these processes. While upcoming data on collisions of 16O nuclei may mitigate these uncertainties in the near future, here we demonstrate the unique possibilities offered by complementing 16O16O data with collisions of 20Ne ions. We couple both NLEFT and PGCM ab initio descriptions of the structure of 20Ne and 16O to hydrodynamic simulations of 16O16O and 20Ne20Ne collisions at high energy. We isolate the imprints of the bowling-pin shape of 20Ne on the collective flow of hadrons, which can be used to perform quantitative tests of the hydrodynamic QGP paradigm. In particular, we predict that the elliptic flow of 20Ne20Ne collisions is enhanced by as much as 1.170(8)stat.(30)syst. for NLEFT and 1.139(6)stat.(39)syst. for PGCM relative to 16O16O collisions for the 1% most central events. At the same time, theoretical uncertainties largely cancel when studying relative variations of observables between two systems. This demonstrates a method based on experiments with two light-ion species for precision characterizations of the collective dynamics and its emergence in a small system.

G. Giacalone et al., „The unexpected uses of a bowling pin: exploiting 20Ne isotopes for precision
characterizations of collectivity in small systems“, 8. Feb. 2024, arXiv:2402.05995 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.05995

Related to Project

Abstract:

We implement two types of matter wave interferometers using trapped Bose-condensed Feshbach molecules, from weak to strong interactions. In each case, we focus on investigating interaction effects and their implications for the performance. In the Ramsey-type interferometer where the interference between the two motional quantum states in an optical lattice is observed, inter-particle interactions are found to induce energy shifts in the states. Consequently, this results in a reduction of the interferometer frequency and introduces a phase shift during the lattice pulses used for state manipulation. Furthermore, non-uniformity leads to dephasing and collisional losses of condensate contribute to the degradation of contrast. In the Michelson-type interferometer, where matter waves are spatially split and recombined in a waveguide, interference is observed in the presence of significant interaction, however coherence degrades with increasing interaction strength. Notably, coherence is also observed in thermal clouds, indicating the white-color nature of the implemented Michelson interferometer.

C. Li, Q. Liang, P. Paranjape, R. Wu, J. Schmiedmayer, „Matter-wave interferometers with
trapped strongly interacting Feshbach molecules“, 7. Feb. 2024, arXiv:2402 . 05092 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.05092

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

In recent years, Rydberg excitations in atomic quantum gases have become a successful platform to explore quantum impurity problems. A single impurity immersed in a Fermi gas leads to the formation of a polaron, a quasiparticle consisting of the impurity being dressed by the surrounding medium. With a radius of about the Fermi wavelength, the density profile of a polaron cannot be explored using in situ optical imaging techniques. In this Letter, we propose a new experimental measurement technique that enables the in situ imaging of the polaron cloud in ultracold quantum gases. The impurity atom induces the formation of a polaron cloud and is then excited to a Rydberg state. Because of the mesoscopic interaction range of Rydberg excitations, which can be tuned by the principal numbers of the Rydberg state, atoms extracted from the polaron cloud form dimers with the impurity. By performing first principle calculations of the absorption spectrum based on a functional determinant approach, we show how the occupation of the dimer state can be directly observed in spectroscopy experiments and can be mapped onto the density profile of the gas particles, hence providing a direct, real-time, and in situ measure of the polaron cloud.

M. Gievers, M.Wagner, R. Schmidt, „Probing Polaron Clouds by Rydberg Atom Spectroscopy“,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 053401 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.053401

Related to Project C01, C07

Abstract:

In [1], we initiated a program for the quantitative investigation of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and resonant bound states in QCD with the functional renormalisation group, concentrating on the full infrared dynamics of four-quark scatterings. In the present work we extend this study and take into account a three-momentum channel approximation (s,t,u-channel) for the Fierz-complete four-quark vertices. We find that the four-quark vertex in this approximation is quantitatively reliable. In particular, we have computed the pion pole mass, pion decay constant, Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes, the quark mass function and wave function. Our results confirm previous findings that low energy effective theories only reproduce QCD quantitatively, if initiated with a relatively low ultraviolet cutoff scale of the order of 500 MeV. The quantitative description set up here paves the way for reliable quantitative access to the resonance structure in QCD within the fRG approach to QCD.

W.-j. Fu, C. Huang, J. M. Pawlowski, Y.-y. Tan, „Four-quark scatterings in QCD II“, 15. Jan.
2024, arXiv:2401.07638 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.07638

Related to Project A02, B03, C01

Abstract:

We explore a supervised machine-learning approach to estimate the entanglement entropy of multiqubit systems from few experimental samples. We put a particular focus on estimating both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty of the network’s estimate and benchmark against the best-known conventional estimation algorithms. For states that are contained in the training distribution, we observe convergence in a regime of sample sizes in which the baseline method fails to give correct estimates, while extrapolation only seems possible for regions close to the training regime. As a further application of our method, highly relevant for quantum simulation experiments, we estimate the quantum mutual information for nonunitary evolution by training our model on different noise strengths.

M. Rieger, M. Reh, M. Gärttner, „Sample-efficient estimation of entanglement entropy through supervised learning“, Phys. Rev. A 109, 012403 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.109.012403

Related to Project A06

Abstract:

We discuss Hamiltonian learning in quantum field theories as a protocol for systematically extracting the operator content and coupling constants of effective field theory Hamiltonians from experimental data. Learning the Hamiltonian for varying spatial measurement resolutions gives access to field theories at different energy scales, and allows to learn a flow of Hamiltonians reminiscent of the renormalization group. Our method, which we demonstrate in both theoretical studies and available data from a quantum gas experiment, promises new ways of addressing the emergence of quantum field theories in quantum simulation experiments.

R. Ott, T. V. Zache, M. Prüfer, S. Erne, M. Tajik, H. Pichler, J. Schmiedmayer, P. Zoller,
„Hamiltonian Learning in Quantum Field Theories“, 2. Jan. 2024, arXiv:2401.01308 (2024).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.01308

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

We extend the QCD Parton Model analysis using a factorized nuclear structure model incorporating individual nucleons and pairs of correlated nucleons. Our analysis of high-energy data from lepton Deep-Inelastic Scattering, Drell-Yan and W/Z production simultaneously extracts the universal effective distribution of quarks and gluons inside correlated nucleon pairs, and their nucleus-specific fractions. Such successful extraction of these universal distributions marks a significant advance in our understanding of nuclear structure properties connecting nucleon- and parton-level quantities.

nCTEQ Collaboration: A.W.Denniston, T. Jezo, A. Kusina, N. Derakhshanian, P. Duwentaster,
O. Hen, C. Keppel, M. Klasen, K. Kovarik, J.G. Morfin, K.F. Muzakka, F.I. Olness, E.
Piasetzky, P. Risse, R. Ruiz, I. Schienbein, J.Y. Yu, „Evidence for Modified Quark-Gluon Distributions
in Nuclei by Correlated Nucleon Pairs“, 26. Dez. 2023, arXiv:2312.16293 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.16293

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

The study of event-by-event fluctuations of net-baryon number in a subspace of full phase space is a promising direction for deciphering the structure of strongly interacting matter created in head-on collisions of relativistic heavy nuclei. Such fluctuations are generally suppressed by exact baryon number conservation. Moreover, the suppression is stronger if baryon number is conserved locally. In this report we present a conceptually new approach to quantify correlations in rapidity space between baryon-antibaryon, baryon-baryon, and antibaryon-antibaryon pairs and demonstrate their impact on net-baryon number fluctuations. For the special case of Gaussian rapidity distributions, we use the Cholesky factorization of the covariance matrix, while the general case is introduced by exploiting the well-known Metropolis and Simulated Annealing methods. The approach is based on the use of the canonical ensemble of statistical mechanics for baryon number and can be applied to study correlations between baryons as well as strange and/or charm hadrons. It can also be applied to describe relativistic nuclear collisions leading to the production of multi-particle final states. One application of our method is the search for formation of proton clusters at low collision energies emerging as a harbinger of the anticipated first-order chiral phase transition. In a first step, the results obtained are compared to the recent measurements from the CERN ALICE collaboration. Such investigations are key to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter and baryon production mechanisms at energy scales from several GeV to several TeV.

P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich, A. Rustamov, J. Stachel, “The imprint of conservation laws on correlated particle production”, Dec. 24, 2023, arXiv:2312.15534 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15534

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

In the hydrodynamics of integrable models, diffusion is a subleading correction to ballistic propagation. Here we quantify the diffusive contribution for one-dimensional Bose gases and find it most influential in the crossover between the main thermodynamic regimes of the gas. Analysing the experimentally measured dynamics of a single density mode, we find diffusion to be relevant only for high wavelength excitations. Instead, the observed relaxation is solely caused by a ballistically driven dephasing process, whose time scale is related to the phonon lifetime of the system and is thus useful to evaluate the applicability of the phonon bases typically used in quantum field simulators.

F. Møller, F. Cataldini, J. Schmiedmayer, „Identifying diffusive length scales in one-dimensional
Bose gases“, 21. Dez. 2023, arXiv:2312.14007 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.14007

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

We present the measurements of individual bound electron $g$ factors of ${20\mathrm{Ne}}^{9+}$ and ${22\mathrm{Ne}}^{9+}$ on the relative level of 0.1 parts per billion. The comparison with theory represents the most stringent test of bound-state QED in strong electric fields. A dedicated mass measurement results in $m\left(20\mathrm{Ne}\right)=19.99244016877\left(9\right)u$, which improves the current literature value by a factor of 18, disagrees by 4 standard deviations, and represents the most precisely measured mass value in atomic mass units. Together, these measurements yield an electron mass on the relative level of 0.1 ppb with $m_e=5.48579909099\left(59\right)\times {10}^{-4}u$ as well as a factor of seven improved $m\left(22\mathrm{Ne}\right)=21.9913850982\left(26\right)u$.

F. Heiße, M. Door, T. Sailer, P. Filianin, J. Herkenhoff, C. M. König, K. Kromer, D. Lange,
J. Morgner, A. Rischka, Ch. Schweiger, B. Tu, Y. N. Novikov, S. Eliseev, S. Sturm, K. Blaum, „High-Precision Determination of g Factors and Masses of 20Ne9+ and 22Ne9+“, Phys. Rev.Lett. 131, 253002 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.253002

Related to Project B01

Abstract:

I review developments of how compact table-top setups with ultracold atoms can help us to understand the more complex real-time dynamics of QCD probed in heavy-ion collision experiments.

J. Berges, „What ultracold atoms tell us about the real-time dynamics of QCD in extreme conditions“, 17. Dez. 2023, arXiv:2312.10673 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.10673

Related to Project A01, A02, A03, A04, B03, B04, C02, C06

Abstract:

We formulate the induced potential in a finite temperature cold atomic medium between two heavy impurities, or polarons, which is shown to be \textit{complex-valued} in general. The imaginary part of the complex-valued potential describes a decoherence effect, and thus, the resulting Schrödinger equation for the two polarons acquires a non-Hermitian term. We apply the developed formulation to two representative cases of polarons interacting with medium particles through the s-wave contact interaction: (i) the normal phase of single-component (i.e., spin-polarized) fermions using the fermionic field theory, and (ii) a superfluid phase using the superfluid effective field theory, which is valid either for a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of a single-component Bose gas or for the BEC-BCS crossover in two-component fermions at a low-energy regime. Computing the leading-order term, the imaginary part of the potential in both cases is found to show a universal r−2 behavior at long distance. We propose three experimental ways to observe the effects of the universal imaginary potential in cold atoms.

Y. Akamatsu, S. Endo, K. Fujii, M. Hongo, “Complex-valued in-medium potential between heavy impurities in ultracold atoms”, Dec. 13, 2023, arXiv:2312 . 08241 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08241

Related to Project C02, C03

Abstract:

In nucleus–nucleus collisions at ultra-relativistic energies, a new kind of matter is created: the Quark–Gluon Plasma. Peter Braun-Munzinger, Anar Rustamov, and Johanna Stachel report on the phase diagram of hadronic matter at high temperature and low net baryon density. A connection is made between the experimentally determined chemical freeze-out points and the pseudo-critical temperature for the chiral crossover transition computed in lattice QCD. The role of fluctuations giving experimental access to the nature of the chiral phase transition will be summarized. Azimuthal anisotropies of hadron distributions show that the Quark–Gluon Plasma formed in high-energy collisions is strongly coupled, allowing us to deduce bulk and shear viscosities. In the hot and dense plasma, partons lose a large fraction of their energy, and this observation leads to the determination of another medium parameter: a jet transport coefficient. Quarkonia and their role as a probe of deconfinement form the final topic of their contribution.
The phase structure of strongly interacting matter at low temperature and high density is discussed by Kenji Fukushima. In this region of the phase diagram that is probed, for example, in neutron stars, different phases and phase transitions are expected on theoretical grounds. Astrophysical observations and the observation of gravitational waves lead to important constraints for calculations modeling the transitions into a quarkyonic regime, into quark matter, or color-superconducting states. The theoretical challenges to locate a conjectured critical end point in the QCD phase diagram are discussed.

 

P. Braun-Munzinger, A. Rustamov, J. Stachel, „QCD under extreme conditions“, Eur.Phys.J.C
83, 1125 (2023).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-2

Related to Project A01, A02, C05, C06

Abstract:

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was “discovered” 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution. It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, , that varies with the energy scale characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where (250 MeV). Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD thermodynamics at high temperature became accessible to LQCD, and numerical results on chiral and deconfinement transitions and properties of the deconfined and chirally restored form of strongly interacting matter, called the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), have become very precise by now. These results can now be confronted with experimental data that are sensitive to the nature of the phase transition. There is clear evidence that the QGP phase is created. This phase of QCD matter can already be characterized by some properties that indicate, within a temperature range of a few times the pseudocritical temperature, the medium behaves like a near ideal liquid. Experimental observables are presented that demonstrate deconfinement. High and ultrahigh density QCD matter at moderate and low temperatures shows interesting features and new phases that are of astrophysical relevance. They are reviewed here and some of the astrophysical implications are discussed. Perturbative QCD and methods to describe the different aspects of scattering processes are discussed. The primary parton–parton scattering in a collision is calculated in perturbative QCD with increasing complexity. The radiation of soft gluons can spoil the perturbative convergence, this can be cured by resummation techniques, which are also described here. Realistic descriptions of QCD scattering events need to model the cascade of quark and gluon splittings until hadron formation sets in, which is done by parton showers. The full event simulation can be performed with Monte Carlo event generators, which simulate the full chain from the hard interaction to the hadronic final states, including the modelling of non-perturbative components. The contribution of the LEP experiments (and of earlier collider experiments) to the study of jets is reviewed. Correlations between jets and the shape of jets had allowed the collaborations to determine the “color factors” – invariants of the SU(3) color group governing the strength of quark–gluon and gluon–gluon interactions. The calculated jet production rates (using perturbative QCD) are shown to agree precisely with data, for jet energies spanning more than five orders of magnitude. The production of jets recoiling against a vector boson, or Z, is shown to be well understood. The discovery of the Higgs boson was certainly an important milestone in the development of high-energy physics. The couplings of the Higgs boson to massive vector bosons and fermions that have been measured so far support its interpretation as mass-generating boson as predicted by the Standard Model. The study of the Higgs boson recoiling against hadronic jets (without or with heavy flavors) or against vector bosons is also highlighted. Apart from the description of hard interactions taking place at high energies, the understanding of “soft QCD” is also very important. In this respect, Pomeron – and Odderon – exchange, soft and hard diffraction are discussed. Weak decays of quarks and leptons, the quark mixing matrix and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are processes which are governed by weak interactions. However, corrections by strong interactions are important, and these are reviewed. As the measured values are incompatible with (most of) the predictions, the question arises: are these discrepancies first hints for New Physics beyond the Standard Model? This volume concludes with a description of future facilities or important upgrades of existing facilities which improve their luminosity by orders of magnitude. The best is yet to come!

P. Braun-Munzinger, A. Rustamov, J. Stachel et al., „50 Years of quantum chromodynamics“, Eur. Phys. J. C 83, 1125 (2023).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-2

Related to Project A01, A02, C05, C06

Abstract:

Quantum entanglement has been identified as a crucial concept underlying many intriguing phenomena in condensed matter systems, such as topological phases or many-body localization. Recently, instead of considering mere quantifiers of entanglement such as entanglement entropy, the study of entanglement structure in terms of the entanglement spectrum has shifted to a focus leading to new insights into fractional quantum Hall states and topological insulators, among others. What remains a challenge is the experimental detection of such fine-grained properties of quantum systems. The development of protocols for detecting features of the entanglement spectrum in cold-atom systems, which are one of the leading platforms for quantum simulation, is thus highly desirable and will open up new avenues for experimentally exploring quantum many-body physics. Here, we present a method to bound the width of the entanglement spectrum, or entanglement dimension, of cold atoms in lattice geometries, requiring only measurements in two experimentally accessible bases and utilizing ballistic time-of-flight (TOF) expansion. Building on previous proposals for entanglement certification for photon pairs, we first consider entanglement between two atoms of different atomic species and later generalize to higher numbers of atoms per species and multispecies configurations showing multipartite high-dimensional entanglement. Through numerical simulations, we show that our method is robust against typical experimental noise effects and thus will enable high-dimensional entanglement certification in systems of up to eight atoms using currently available experimental techniques.

N. Euler, M. Gärttner, „Detecting High-Dimensional Entanglement in Cold-Atom Quantum Simulators“, PRX Quantum 4, 040338 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.040338

Related to Project A06

Abstract:

Highly charged ions (HCIs) offer many opportunities for next-generation clock research due to the vast landscape of available electronic transitions in different charge states. The development of extreme ultraviolet frequency combs has enabled the search for clock transitions based on shorter wavelengths in HCIs. However, without initial knowledge of the energy of the clock states, these narrow transitions are difficult to be probed by lasers. In this Letter, we provide experimental observation and theoretical calculation of a long-lived electronic state in Nb-like ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{41+}$ that could be used as a clock state. With the mass spectrometer PENTATRAP, the excitation energy of this metastable state is directly determined as a mass difference at an energy of 31.2(8) eV, corresponding to one of the most precise relative mass determinations to date with a fractional uncertainty of $4\times {10}^{-12}$. This experimental result agrees within $1\sigma$ with two partially different ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock calculations of 31.68(13) eV and 31.76(35) eV, respectively. With a calculated lifetime of 26.5(5.3) days, the transition from this metastable state to the ground state bears a quality factor of $1.1\times {10}^{23}$ and allows for the construction of a HCI clock with a fractional frequency instability of $<{10}^{-19}/\sqrt{\tau }$.

K. Kromer, C. Lyu, M. Door, P. Filianin, Z. Harman, J. Herkenhoff, P. Indelicato, C. H. Keitel, D. Lange, Y. N. Novikov, C. Schweiger, S. Eliseev, K. Blaum, “Observation of a Low-Lying Metastable Electronic State in Highly Charged Lead by Penning-Trap Mass Spectrometry”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 223002 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.223002

Related to Project B01, B02

Abstract:

We calculate non-perturbative self-consistent fermionic and bosonic spectral functions of ultra-cold Fermi gases with the spectral functional approach. This approach allows for a direct real-time computation of non-perturbative correlation functions, and in the present work we use spectral Dyson-Schwinger equations. We focus on the normal phase of the spin-balanced Fermi gas and provide numerical results for the full fermionic and bosonic spectral functions. The spectral functions are then used for the determination of the equation of state, the Tan contact and ejection rf spectra at unitarity. These results are compared to experimental data, the self-consistent T-matrix approach and lattice results. Our approach offers a wide range of applications, including the ab initio calculation of transport and spectral properties of the superfluid phase in the BCS-BEC crossover.

E. Dizer, J. Horak, J. M. Pawlowski, “Spectral properties and observables in ultracold Fermi gases”, Nov. 28, 2023, arXiv:2311.16788 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.16788

Related to Project B03, C01

Abstract:

Off-shell effects in large LHC backgrounds are crucial for precision predictions and, at the same time, challenging to simulate. We show how a generative diffusion network learns off-shell kinematics given the much simpler on-shell process. It generates off-shell configurations fast and precisely, while reproducing even challenging on-shell features.

A. Butter, T. Jezo, M. Klasen, M. Kuschick, S. P. Schweitzer, T. Plehn, “Kicking it Off(-shell) with Direct Diffusion”, Nov. 28, 2023, arXiv:2311.17175 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.17175

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

Numerical simulations of the full quantum properties of interacting many-body systems by means of field-theoretic Monte Carlo techniques are often limited due to a sign problem. Here we simulate properties of a dilute two-dimensional Bose gas in the vicinity of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition by means of the complex Langevin (CL) algorithm, thereby extending our previous CL study of the three-dimensional Bose gas to the lower-dimensional case. The purpose of the paper is twofold. On the one hand, it adds to benchmarking of the CL method and thus contributes to further exploring the range of applicability of the method. With the respective results, the universality of the equation of state is recovered, as well as the long-wave-length power-law dependence of the single-particle momentum spectrum below the BKT transition. Analysis of the rotational part of the current density corroborates vortex unbinding in crossing the transition. Beyond these measures of consistency we compute quantum corrections to the critical density and chemical potential in the weakly coupled regime. Our results show a shift of these quantities to lower values as compared to those obtained from classical field theory. It points in the opposite direction as compared to the shift of the critical density found by means of the path-integral Monte Carlo method at larger values of the coupling. Our simulations widen the perspective for precision comparisons with experiment.

P. Heinen, T. Gasenzer, „Simulating the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition with the complex Langevin algorithm“, Phys. Rev. A 108, 053311 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.053311

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

A remarkable double copy relation of Einstein gravity to QCD in Regge asymptotics is Γμν=12CμCν−12NμNν, where Γμν is the gravitational Lipatov vertex in the 2→3 graviton scattering amplitude, Cμ its Yang-Mills counterpart, and Nμ the QED bremssstrahlung vertex. In QCD, the Lipatov vertex is a fundamental building block of the BFKL equation describing 2→N scattering of gluons at high energies. Likewise, the gravitational Lipatov vertex is a key ingredient in a 2-D effective field theory framework describing trans-Planckian 2→N graviton scattering. We construct a quantitative correspondence between a semi-classical Yang-Mills framework for radiation in gluon shockwave collisions and its counterpart in general relativity. In particular, we demonstrate the Lipatov double copy in a dilute-dilute approximation corresponding to RS,L, RS,H ≪b, with RS,L, RS,H the respective emergent Schwarzchild radii generated in shockwave collisions and b is the impact parameter. We outline extensions of the correspondence developed here to the dilute-dense computation of gravitational wave radiation in close vicinity of one of the black holes, the construction of graviton propagators in the shockwave background, and a renormalization group approach to compute 2→N amplitudes that incorporates graviton reggeization and coherent graviton multiple scattering.

H. Raj, R. Venugopalan, “Universal features of 2N scattering in QCD and gravity from shockwave
collisions”, Nov. 6, 2023, arXiv:2311.03463 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03463

Related to Project C05, Co6

Abstract:

Conventional hydrodynamics describes systems with few long-lived excitations. In one dimension, however, many experimentally relevant systems feature a large number of long-lived excitations even at high temperature, because they are proximate to integrable limits. Such models cannot be treated using conventional hydrodynamics. The framework of generalized hydrodynamics (GHD) was recently developed to treat the dynamics of one-dimensional models: it combines ideas from integrability, hydrodynamics, and kinetic theory to come up with a quantitative theory of transport. GHD has successfully settled several longstanding questions about one-dimensional transport; it has also been leveraged to study dynamical questions beyond the transport of conserved quantities, and to systems that are not integrable. In this article we introduce the main ideas and predictions of GHD, survey some of the most recent theoretical extensions and experimental tests of the GHD framework, and discuss some open questions in transport that the GHD perspective might elucidate.

B. Doyon, S. Gopalakrishnan, F. Møller, J. Schmiedmayer, R. Vasseur, „Generalized hydrodynamics:
a perspective“, 6. Nov. 2023, arXiv:2311.03438 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03438

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

Isolated many-body systems far from equilibrium may exhibit scaling dynamics with universal exponents indicating the proximity of the time evolution to a nonthermal fixed point. We find universal dynamics connected with the occurrence of extreme wave excitations in the mutually coupled magnetic components of a spinor gas which propagate in an effectively random potential. The frequency of these rogue waves is affected by the time-varying spatial correlation length of the potential, giving rise to an additional exponent ${\delta }_c\simeq 1/3$ for temporal scaling, which is different from the exponent ${\beta }_V\simeq 1/4$ characterizing the scaling of the correlation length ${\ell }_V\sim t^{{\beta }_V}$ in time. As a result of the caustics, i.e., focusing events, real-time instanton defects appear in the Larmor phase of the spin-1 system as vortices in space and time. The temporal correlations governing the instanton occurrence frequency scale as $t^{{\delta }_I}$. This suggests that the universality class of a nonthermal fixed point could be characterized by different, mutually related exponents defining the evolution in time and space, respectively. Our results have a strong relevance for understanding pattern coarsening from first principles and potential implications for dynamics ranging from the early Universe to geophysical dynamics and microphysics.

I. Siovitz, S. Lannig, Y. Deller, H. Strobel, M.K. Oberthaler, T. Gasenzer, “Universal Dynamics of Rogue Waves in a Quenched Spinor Bose Condensate”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 183402 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.183402

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

We present a review of the conceptual basis, present knowledge and recent progress in the field of global analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs). After introducing the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches for the extraction of nuclear PDFs from experimental data, we discuss how different measurements in fixed-target and collider experiments provide increasingly precise constraints on various aspects of nuclear PDFs, including shadowing, antishadowing, the EMC effect, Fermi motion, flavor separation, deuteron binding, target-mass and other higher-twist effects. Particular emphasis is given to measurements carried out in proton-lead collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, which have revolutionized the global analysis during the past decade. These measurements include electroweak-boson, jet, light-hadron, and heavy-flavor observables. Finally, we outline the expected impact of the future Electron Ion Collider and discuss the role and interplay of nuclear PDFs with other branches of nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics.

M. Klasen, H. Paukkunen, “Nuclear PDFs After the First Decade of LHC Data”, Nov. 1, 2023,
arXiv:2311.00450 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.00450

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

The chiral crossover of QCD at finite temperature and vanishing baryon density turns into a second order phase transition if lighter than physical quark masses are considered. If this transition occurs sufficiently close to the physical point, its universal critical behaviour would largely control the physics of the QCD phase transition. We quantify the size of this region in QCD using functional approaches, both Dyson-Schwinger equations and the functional renormalisation group. The latter allows us to study both critical and non-critical effects on an equal footing, facilitating a precise determination of the scaling regime. We find that the physical point is far away from the critical region. Importantly, we show that the physics of the chiral crossover is dominated by soft modes even far beyond the critical region. While scaling functions determine all thermodynamic properties of the system in the critical region, the order parameter potential is the relevant quantity away from it. We compute this potential in QCD using the functional renormalisation group and Dyson-Schwinger equations and provide a simple parametrisation for phenomenological applications.

J. Braun, Y.-R. Chen, W.-J. Fu, F. Gao, C. Huang, F. Ihssen, J. M. Pawlowski, F. Rennecke, F. R. Sattler, Y.-Y. Tan, R. Wen, S. Yin, “Soft modes in hot QCD matter”, Oct. 30, 2023, arXiv:2310.19853 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.19853

Related to Project A02, B03, C01

Abstract:

We study the QCD equation of state and other thermodynamic observables including the isentropic trajectories and the speed of sound. These observables are of eminent importance for the understanding of experimental results in heavy ion collisions and also provide a QCD input for studies of the timeline of heavy-ion-collisions with hydrodynamical simulations. They can be derived from the quark propagator whose gap equation is solved within a minimal approximation to the Dyson-Schwinger equations of QCD at finite temperature and density. This minimal approximation aims at a combination of computational efficiency and simplification of the truncation scheme while maintaining quantitative precision. This minimal DSE scheme is confronted and benchmarked with results for correlation functions and observables from first principles QCD lattice at vanishing density and quantitative functional approaches at finite density.

Y. Lu, F. Gao, Y.-X. Liu, J. M. Pawlowski, “QCD equation of state and thermodynamic observables
from computationally minimal Dyson-Schwinger Equations”, Oct. 27, 2023, arXiv:2310.18383 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.18383

Related to Project A02, B03, C01

Abstract:

We compute the bound state properties of three-dimensional scalar ϕ4 theory in the broken phase. To this end, we extend the recently developed technique of spectral Dyson-Schwinger equations to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation and determine the bound state spectrum. We employ consistent truncations for the two-, three- and four-point functions of the theory that recover the scaling properties in the infinite coupling limit. Our result for the mass of the lowest-lying bound state in this limit agrees very well with lattice determinations.

G. Eichmann, A. Gómez, J. Horak, J. M. Pawlowski, J Wessely, N Wink, “Bound states from the spectral Bethe-Salpeter equation”, Oct. 25, 2023, arXiv:2310.16353 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.16353

Related to Project A02, B03, C01

Abstract:

We investigate false vacuum decay of a relativistic scalar field initialized in the metastable minimum of an asymmetric double-well potential. The transition to the true ground state is a well-defined initial-value problem in real time, which can be formulated in nonequilibrium quantum field theory on a closed time path. We employ the non-perturbative framework of the two-particle irreducible (2PI) quantum effective action at next-to-leading order in a large-N expansion. We also compare to classical-statistical field theory simulations on a lattice in the high-temperature regime. By this, we demonstrate that the real-time decay rates are comparable to those obtained from the conventional Euclidean (bounce) approach. In general, we find that the decay rates are time dependent. For a more comprehensive description of the dynamics, we extract a time-dependent effective potential, which becomes convex during the nonequilibrium transition process. By solving the quantum evolution equations for the one- and two-point correlation functions for vacuum initial conditions, we demonstrate that quantum corrections can lead to transitions that are not captured by classical-statistical approximations.

L. Batini, A. Chatrchyan, J. Berges, “Real-time dynamics of false vacuum decay”, Oct. 6, 2023, arXiv:2310.04206 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.04206

Related to Project B04

Abstract:

High-performance graphical processing units (GPU) are used for the repeated parallelised propagation of non-linear partial differential equations on large spatio-temporal grids. The main challenge results as a combination of the requirement of large grids for exploring scaling over several orders of magnitude, both in space and time, and the need for high statistics in averaging over many runs, in computing correlation functions for highly fluctuating quantum many-body states. With our simulations, we explore the dynamics of complex quantum systems far from equilibrium, with the aim of classifying their universal characteristics such as scaling exponents near non-thermal fixed points. Our results are strongly relevant for the development of synthetic quantum systems when exploring the respective physics in the laboratory.

I. Siovitz, P. Heinen, N. Rasch, S. Lannig, Y. Deller, H. Strobel, M. Oberthaler, T. Gasenzer,
“Universal Dynamics at the Lowest Temperatures”, Oct. 5, 2023, arXiv:2310.03636 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03636

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

The increasingly high accuracy of top-quark studies at the LHC calls for a theoretical description of t \bar{t} production and decay in terms of exact matrix elements for the full 2 → 6 process that includes the off-shell production and the chain decays of t \bar{t} and tW intermediate states, together with their quantum interference. Corresponding NLO QCD calculations matched to parton showers are available for the case of dileptonic channels and are implemented in the bb4l Monte Carlo generator, which is based on the resonance-aware POWHEG method. In this paper, we present the first NLOPS predictions of this kind for the case of semileptonic channels. In this context, the interplay of off-shell t \bar{t} + tW production with various other QCD and electroweak subprocesses that yield the same semileptonic final state is discussed in detail. On the technical side, we improve the resonance-aware POWHEG procedure by means of new resonance histories based on matrix elements, which enable a realistic separation of t \bar{t} and tW contributions. Moreover, we introduce a general approach which makes it possible to avoid certain spurious terms that arise from the perturbative expansion of decay widths in any off-shell higher-order calculation, and which are large enough to jeopardise physical finite-width effects. These methods are implemented in a new version of the bb4l Monte Carlo generator, which is applicable to all dileptonic and semileptonic channels, and can be extended to fully hadronic channels. The presented results include a NLOPS comparison of off-shell against on-shell t \bar{t} + tW production and decay, where we highlight various non-trivial aspects related to NLO and parton-shower radiation in leptonic and hadronic top decays.

T. Jezo, J. M. Lindert, S. Pozzorini, „Resonance-aware NLOPS matching for off-shell t\bar{t} + tW
production with semileptonic decays“, JHEP 10, 008 (2023).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/JHEP10(2023)008

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

Optical frequency metrology in atoms and ions can probe hypothetical fifth-forces between electrons and neutrons by sensing minute perturbations of the electronic wave function induced by them. A generalized King plot has been proposed to distinguish them from possible Standard Model effects arising from, e.g., finite nuclear size and electronic correlations. Additional isotopes and transitions are required for this approach. Xenon is an excellent candidate, with seven stable isotopes with zero nuclear spin, however it has no known visible ground-state transitions for high resolution spectroscopy. To address this, we have found and measured twelve magnetic-dipole lines in its highly charged ions and theoretically studied their sensitivity to fifth-forces as well as the suppression of spurious higher-order Standard Model effects. Moreover, we identified at 764.8753(16) nm a E2-type ground-state transition with 500 s excited state lifetime as a potential clock candidate further enhancing our proposed scheme.

N.-H. Rehbehn, M. K. Rosner, J. C. Berengut, P. O.Schmidt, T. Pfeifer, M. F. Gu, J. R. C.
López-Urrutia, “Narrow and ultra-narrow transitions in highly charged Xe ions as probes of fifth forces”, Sept. 29, 2023, arXiv:2309.17141 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.17141

Related to Project B01, B02

Abstract:

Closed quantum systems far from thermal equilibrium can show universal dynamics near attractor solutions, known as non-thermal fixed points, generically in the form of scaling behaviour in space and time. A systematic classification and comprehensive understanding of such scaling solutions are tasks of future developments in non-equilibrium quantum many-body theory. In this tutorial review, we outline several analytical approaches to non-thermal fixed points and summarise corresponding numerical and experimental results. The analytic methods include a non-perturbative kinetic theory derived within the two-particle irreducible effective action formalism, as well as a low-energy effective field theory framework. As one of the driving forces of this research field are numerical simulations, we summarise the main results of exemplary cases of universal dynamics in ultracold Bose gases. This encompasses quantum vortex ensembles in turbulent superfluids as well as recently observed real-time instanton solutions in one-dimensional spinor condensates.

A. N. Mikheev, I. Siovitz, T. Gasenzer, „Universal dynamics and non-thermal fixed points in
quantum fluids far from equilibrium“, Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. (2023).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjs/s11734-023-00974-7

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

The spontaneous emergence of structures from initially homogenous systems belongs to the most striking topics in natural science. Systems driven into deeply nonlinear regimes are theoretically difficult to describe and can produce states that do not exist in equilibrium. We observe the emergence of a stable square lattice density modulation from an initially homogenous, two-dimensional, radially symmetric Bose-Einstein condensate when periodically driving the two-particle interaction. We show theoretically that this state can be understood as an attractive fixed point of coupled nonlinear amplitude equations, which result from phonon-phonon interactions. As a self-stabilized state characterized by spontaneously broken translational symmetry, our results establish a novel quantum material related to supersolids.

N. Liebster, M. Sparn, E. Kath, K. Fujii, S. Görlitz, T. Enss, H. Strobel, M. K. Oberthaler, „Emergence of crystalline steady state in a driven superfluid“, 7. Sep. 2023, arXiv:2309.03792 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.03792

Related to Project C02, C03, A04

Abstract:

The emergence of patterns from simple physical laws belongs to the most striking topics in natural science. In particular, the spontaneous formation of structures from an initially homogeneous state can eventually lead to stable, non-homogeneous states of matter. Here we report on the spontaneous formation of square lattice patterns in a rotationally symmetric and driven Bose-Einstein condensate, confined in a two-dimensional box potential with absorptive boundaries. The drive is realized by globally modulating the two-particle interaction periodically in time. After a primary phase of randomly oriented stripes that emerge as a consequence of the Faraday instability, we observe the subsequent formation of persistent square lattice patterns in the highly occupied regime, where phonon-phonon interactions become relevant. We show theoretically that this state can be understood as an attractive fixed point of coupled nonlinear amplitude equations. Establishing the existence of this fixed point opens the perspective for engineering new, highly correlated states of matter in driven superfluids.

N. Liebster, M. Sparn, E. Kath, K. Fujii, S. Görlitz, T. Enss, H. Strobel, M. K. Oberthaler, “Spontaneous formation of persistent square pattern in a driven superfluid”, Sept. 7, 2023, arXiv:2309.03792 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.03792

Related to Project A04, C02, C03

Abstract:

Nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) are crucial in studying nuclear structure and high-energy nuclear collisions. nPDFs have been determined via ‘global QCD analyses’, in which the nPDF-dependent predictions for a given process are compared with their actual measurements. One of the challenging parts of nPDF extractions is the estimation of uncertainties. The most common approach for this purpose is the Hessian method, which, however, has certain shortcomings, especially in the case of weaker data constraints. Here, we will show a case study for an alternative approach where nPDF uncertainties are estimated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.

N. Derakhshanian, P. Risse, T. Ježo, M. Klasen, K. Kovařík, A. Kusina, F. I. Olness, I. Schienbein,
„Nuclear PDF Determination Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods“, Acta Phys.
Polon. Supp. 16, 7 (2023).

https://www.actaphys.uj.edu.pl/index_n.php?I=S&V=16&N=7#A33

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

We investigate the excitation spectrum and compressibility of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate in an infinite tube potential in the parameter regime where the transition between superfluid and supersolid phases occurs. Our study focuses on the density range in which crystalline order develops continuously across the transition. Above the transition the superfluid shows a single gapless excitation band, phononic at small momenta and with a roton at a finite momentum. Below the transition, two gapless excitations branches (three at the transition point) emerge in the supersolid. We examine the two gapless excitation bands and their associated speeds of sound in the supersolid phase. Our results show that the speeds of sound and the compressibility are discontinuous at the transition, indicating a second-order phase transition. These results provide valuable insights into the identification of supersolid phenomena in dipolar quantum gases and the relationship to supersolidity in spin-orbit coupled gases.

P. B. Blakie, L. Chomaz, D. Baillie, F. Ferlaino, “Compressibility and speeds of sound across the superfluid-to-supersolid phase transition of an elongated dipolar gas”, Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 033161 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.5.033161

Related to Project A07

Abstract:

A phenomenological analysis of the experimental measurements of transverse momentum spectra of identified charged hadrons and strange hyperons in \PbPb and \XeXe collisions at the LHC is presented. The analysis is based on the relativistic fluid dynamics description implemented in the numerically efficient \fluidum approach. Building on our previous work, we separate in our treatment the chemical and kinetic freeze-out, and incorporate the partial chemical equilibrium to describe the late stages of the collision evolution. This analysis makes use of Bayesian inference to determine key parameters of the QGP evolution and its properties including the shear and bulk viscosity to entropy ratios, the initialisation time, the initial entropy density, and the freeze-out temperatures. The physics parameters and their posterior probabilities are extracted using a global search in multidimensional space with modern machine learning tools, such as ensembles of neural networks. We employ our newly developed fast framework to assess systematic uncertainties in the extracted model parameters by systematically varying key components of our analysis.

L. Vermunt, Y. Seemann, A. Dubla, S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, A. Kirchner, S. Masciocchi, I. Selyuzhenkov, “Mapping QGP properties in Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions at the LHC”, Aug. 31, 2023, arXiv:2308.16722 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.16722

Related to Project C06

Abstract:

Transverse momentum pT spectra and anisotropic flow distributions are studied for charmonia and charmed hadrons produced in Pb-Pb collisions and measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The investigations are performed within the framework of the Statistical Hadronization Model with the transverse dynamics evaluated using predictions from relativistic viscous hydrodynamics as implemented in the computer codes MUSIC and FluiduM. With this essentially parameter-free approach good agreement is obtained for pT spectra in the range pT<10 GeV/c. The observed wide distribution in pT of anisotropic flow coefficients v2 and v3 for charmonia is also well reproduced, while their magnitude is generally somewhat over predicted. This finding may be connected to a difference in spatial distribution between light and charmed hadrons due to a different diffusion of light and heavy quarks in the hot fireball.

A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, H. Brunßen, J. Crkovská, J. Stachel, V. Vislavicius, M. Voelkl, “Transverse dynamics of charmed hadrons in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions”, Aug. 28, 2023, arXiv:2308.14821 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.14821

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

A method to calculate hadron momentum spectra after feed down from resonance decays in the context of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions described by relativistic fluid dynamics is presented. The conceptual setup uses the Cooper-Frye freeze-out integration together with an integral operator describing resonance decays. We provide explicit expressions for the integration over the freeze-out surface for a smooth and symmetric background solution, as well as for linearized perturbations around it. A major advantage of our method is that many integrals can be precomputed independently of a concrete hydrodynamic simulation. Additionally, we examine the influence of adding heavier resonances to the decay chain on the spectrum of pions and show how to include a phase with partial chemical equilibrium in order to separate the chemical from the kinetic freeze-out.

A. Kirchner, E. Grossi, S. Floerchinger, “Cooper-Frye spectra of hadrons with viscous corrections including feed down from resonance decays”, Aug. 21, 2023, arXiv:2308.10616 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.10616

Related to Project C06

Abstract:

We use QCD kinetic theory to compute photon production in the chemically equilibrating Quark-Gluon Plasma created in the early stages of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We do a detailed comparison of pre-equilibrium photon rates to the thermal photon production. We show that the photon spectrum radiated from a hydrodynamic attractor evolution satisfies a simple scaling form in terms of the specific shear viscosity η/s and entropy density dS/dζ∼(Tτ1/3)3/2∞. We confirm the analytical predictions with numerical kinetic theory simulations. We use the extracted scaling function to compute the pre-equilibrium photon contribution in sNN−−−−√=2.76TeV 0-20\% PbPb collisions. We demonstrate that our matching procedure allows for a smooth switching from pre-equilibrium kinetic to thermal hydrodynamic photon production. Finally, our publicly available implementation can be straightforwardly added to existing heavy ion models.

O. Garcia-Montero, A. Mazeliauskas, P. Plaschke, S. Schlichting, „Pre-equilibrium photons from
the early stages of heavy-ion collisions“, 18. Aug. 2023, arXiv:2308.09747 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.09747

Related to Project A01

Abstract:

Hydrodynamics provides a successful framework to effectively describe the dynamics of complex many-body systems ranging from subnuclear to cosmological scales by introducing macroscopic quantities such as particle densities and fluid velocities. According to textbook knowledge, it requires coarse graining over microscopic constituents to define a macroscopic fluid cell, which is large compared to the interparticle spacing and the mean free path. In addition, the entire system must consist of many such fluid cells. The latter requirement on the system size has been challenged by experiments on high-energy heavy-ion collisions, where collective particle emission, typically associated with the formation of a hydrodynamic medium, has been observed with few tens of final-state particles. Here, we demonstrate emergence of hydrodynamics in a system with significantly less constituents. Our observation challenges the requirements for a hydrodynamic description, as in our system all relevant length scales, i.e. the system size, the inter-particle spacing, and the mean free path are comparable. The single particle resolution, deterministic control over particle number and interaction strength in our experiment allow us to explore the boundaries between a microscopic description and a hydrodynamic framework in unprecedented detail.

S. Brandstetter, P. Lunt, C. Heintze, G. Giacalone, L. H. Heyen, M. Galka, K. Subramanian, M. Holten, P. M. Preiss, S. Floerchinger, S. Jochim, “Emergent hydrodynamic behaviour of few strongly interacting fermions”, Aug. 18, 2023, arXiv:2308.09699 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.09699

Related to Project ABC, C01, C02

Abstract:

Exploiting a mapping between transport theory and fluid dynamics, we show how a fluid-dynamic description of the diffusion of charm quarks in the QCD plasma is feasible. We show results for spectra of charmed hadrons obtained with a fluid-dynamic description of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) coupled with the conservation of a heavy-quark – antiquark current. We compare our calculations with the most recent experimental data in order to provide further constraints on the transport coefficients of the QGP.

F. Capellino, A. Dubla, S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, A. Kirchner, S. Masciocchi, “Momentum distribution of charm hadrons in a fluid-dynamic approach”, July 28, 2023, arXiv:2307.15580 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15580

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

A fluid-dynamic approach to charm-quark diffusion in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is developed for the first time. Results for integrated yields and momentum distributions of charmed hadrons obtained with a fluid-dynamic description for the dynamics of the QGP coupled to an additional heavy-quark-antiquark current are shown. In addition to the thermodynamic Equation of State (EoS), this description uses a heavy-quark diffusion constant which we take from Lattice QCD calculations. The results describe quantitatively experimental data measured at the LHC at the center-of-mass energy of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV up to pT∼ 4-5 GeV/c, showing that charm quarks undergo a very fast hydrodynamization in the medium created by ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

F. Capellino, A. Dubla, S. Floerchinger, E. Grossi, A. Kirchner, S. Masciocchi, “Fluid-dynamics of charm quarks in the quark–gluon plasma”, July 26, 2023, arXiv:2307.14449 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14449

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

Nuclear collisions at sufficiently high energies are expected to produce far-from-equilibrium matter with a high density of gluons at early times. We show gauge condensation, which occurs as a consequence of the large density of gluons. To identify this condensation phenomenon, we construct two local gauge-invariant observables that carry the macroscopic zero mode of the gauge condensate. The first order parameter for gauge condensation investigated here is the correlator of the spatial Polyakov loop. We also consider, for the first time, the correlator of the gauge invariant scalar field, associated to the exponent of the Polyakov loop. Using real-time lattice simulations of classical-statistical SU(2) gauge theory, we find gauge condensation on a system-size dependent time scale tcond∼L1/ζ with a universal scaling exponent ζ. Furthermore, we suggest an effective theory formulation describing the dynamics using one of the order parameters identified. The formation of a condensate at early times may have intriguing implications for the early stages in heavy ion collisions.

J. Berges, K. Boguslavski, L. de Bruin, T. Butler, J. M. Pawlowski, “Order parameters for gauge invariant condensation far from equilibrium”, July 25, 2023, arXiv:2307.13669 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13669

Related to Project B03, A01

Abstract:

Mass-dependent quark contributions are of great importance to DIS processes. The simplified-ACOT-scheme includes these effects over a wide range of momentum transfers up to next-to-leading order in QCD. In recent years an improvement in the case of neutral current DIS has been achieved by using zero-mass contributions up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) with massive phase-space constraints. In this work, we extend this approach to the case of charged current DIS and provide an implementation in the open-source code APFEL++. The increased precision will be valuable for ongoing and future neutrino programs, the Electron-Ion-Collider and the studies of partonic substructure of hadrons and nuclei. A highly efficient implementation using gridding techniques extends the applicability of the code to the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs).

P. Risse, V. Bertone, T. Ježo, M. Klasen, K. Kovařík, F.I. Olness, I. Schienbein, „Fast evaluation
of heavy-quark contributions to DIS in APFEL++“, 17. Juli 2023, arXiv:2307.08269 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.08269

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

We discuss the foundation for a new global nCTEQ nuclear PDF analysis, combining a number of our previous analyses into one consistent framework with updates to the underlying theoretical treatment as well as the addition of new available data. In particular, the new global release will be the first nCTEQ release containing neutrino DIS scattering data in a consistent manner together with JLab high-x DIS data and new LHC p-Pb data. These additions will improve the data-driven description of nuclear PDFs in new regions, especially the strange quark and the gluon PDF at low-x.

P. Risse, N. Derakhshanian, P. Duwentäster, T. Ježo, C. Keppel, M. Klasen, K. Kovařík,
A.Kusina, C. Léger, J.G.Morfín, F.I. Olness, R. Ruiz, I. Schienbein, J.Y. Yu, „Towards a New
nCTEQ global nPDF release“, 15. Juli 2023, arXiv:2307.07814 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07814

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

We study how isotropic and homogeneous far-from-equilibrium quantum systems relax to nonthermal attractors, which are of interest for cold atoms and nuclear collisions. We demonstrate that a first-order ordinary differential equation governs the self-similar approach to nonthermal attractors, i.e., the prescaling. We also show that certain natural scaling-breaking terms induce logarithmically slow corrections that prevent the scaling exponents from reaching the constant values during the system’s lifetime. We propose that, analogously to hydrodynamic attractors, the appropriate mathematical structure to describe such dynamics is the transseries. We verify our analytic predictions with state-of-the-art 2PI simulations of the large-N vector model and QCD kinetic theory.

M. P. Heller, A. Mazeliauskas, T. Preis, “Prescaling relaxation to nonthermal attractors”, July 14, 2023, arXiv:2307.07545 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07545

Related to Project A01

Abstract:

Inner-shell electrons naturally sense the electric field close to the nucleus, which can reach extreme values beyond 1015V/cm for the innermost electrons. Especially in few-electron highly charged ions, the interaction with the electromagnetic fields can be accurately calculated within quantum electrodynamics (QED), rendering these ions good candidates to test the validity of QED in strong fields. Consequently, their Lamb shifts were intensively studied in the last decades. Another approach is the measurement of g factors in highly charged ions. However, so far, either experimental accuracy or small field strength in low-Z ions limited the stringency of these QED tests. Here, we report on our high-precision, high-field test of QED in hydrogenlike 118Sn49+. The highly charged ions were produced with the Heidelberg-EBIT (electron beam ion trap) and injected into the ALPHATRAP Penning-trap setup, where the bound-electron g factor was measured with a precision of 0.5 parts-per-billion. For comparison, we present state-of-the-art theory calculations, which together test the underlying QED to about 0.012%, yielding a stringent test in the strong-field regime. With this measurement, we challenge the best tests via the Lamb shift and, with anticipated advances in the g-factor theory, surpass them by more than an order of magnitude.

J. Morgner, B. Tu, C. M. König, T. Sailer, F. HeiSSe, H. Bekker, B. Sikora, C. Lyu, V. A. Yerokhin, Z. Harman, J. R. Crespo López-Urrutia, C. H. Keitel, S. Sturm, K. Blaum, “Stringent test of QED with hydrogenlike tin”, July 13, 2023, arXiv:2307.06613 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.06613

Related to Project B01

Abstract:

We present a method to calculate the natural line width and energy dependent line shape due to fluorescence decay of core excited atoms within a full relativistic multi-reference configuration interaction theory. The atomic absorption lines show a deviation from a Lorentzian line-shape due to energy dependent matrix elements of the localized electronic state coupling to the photon field. This gives rise to spectral lines with small but visible asymmetry. One generally finds an excess of spectral weight at the high energy shoulder of the atomic absorption line. We present the example of nuclear decay of 55Fe by electron capture of an inner-shell core electron. We show that the amount of ionizing radiation in the energy window between 50 and 200 keV is around one order of magnitude larger due to the energy dependent fluorescence yield lifetime compared to the value one would obtain if one assumes a constant fluorescence decay rate. This yields a total change of energy deposited into ionizing radiation of about 1\textperthousand. Our calculations are in good agreement with previous calculations and experimental observations where data is available. Our results can be further validated by high precision measurements of electron capture nuclear decay spectra using recently developed experimental methods.

M. Merstorf, M. Braß, M. W. Haverkort, „Non-Lorentzian atomic natural line-shape of core
level multiplets: Access high energy x-ray photons in electron capture nuclear decay“, 14. Juni 2023, arXiv:2307.13812 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13812

Related to Project B01, C01

Abstract:

State-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations of the quark-gluon plasma are unable to reproduce the elliptic flow of particles observed at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in relativistic $238U+238U$ collisions when they rely on information obtained from low-energy experiments for the implementation of deformation in the colliding $238U$ ions. We show that this is due to an inappropriate treatment of well-deformed nuclei in the modeling of the initial conditions of the quark-gluon plasma. Past studies have identified the deformation of the nuclear surface with that of the nuclear volume, though these are different concepts. In particular, a volume quadrupole moment can be generated by both a surface hexadecapole and a surface quadrupole moment. This feature was so far neglected in the modeling of heavy-ion collisions, and is particularly relevant for nuclei like $238U$, which is both quadrupole deformed and hexadecapole deformed. With rigorous input from Skyrme density functional calculations, we show that correcting for such effects in the implementation of nuclear deformations in hydrodynamic simulations restores agreement with BNL RHIC data. This brings consistency to the results of nuclear experiments across energy scales, and demonstrates the impact of the hexadecapole deformation of $238U$ on high-energy collisions.

W. Ryssens, G. Giacalone, B. Schenke, C. Shen, “Evidence of Hexadecapole Deformation in Uranium-238 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider”, Feb. 27, 2023, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 212302, (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.212302

Related to Project C06

Abstract:

We investigate signal propagation in a quantum field simulator of the Klein–Gordon model realized by two strongly coupled parallel one-dimensional quasi-condensates. By measuring local phononic fields after a quench, we observe the propagation of correlations along sharp light-cone fronts. If the local atomic density is inhomogeneous, these propagation fronts are curved. For sharp edges, the propagation fronts are reflected at the system’s boundaries. By extracting the space-dependent variation of the front velocity from the data, we find agreement with theoretical predictions based on curved geodesics of an inhomogeneous metric. This work extends the range of quantum simulations of nonequilibrium field dynamics in general space–time metrics.

M. Tajik, M. Gluza, N. Sebe, P. Schüttelkopf, F. Cataldini, J. Sabino, F. Møller, S.-C. Ji,
S. Erne, G. Guarnieri, S. Sotiriadis, J. Eisert, J. Schmiedmayer, “Experimental observation of curved light-cones in a quantum field simulator”, PNAS 120, (2023).

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2301287120

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

Physical systems can be used as an information processing substrate and with that extend traditional computing architectures. For such an application the experimental platform must guarantee pristine control of the initial state, the temporal evolution and readout. All these ingredients are provided by modern experimental realizations of atomic Bose Einstein condensates. By embedding the nonlinear evolution of a quantum gas in a Machine Learning pipeline, one can represent nonlinear functions while only linear operations on classical computing of the pipeline are necessary. We demonstrate successful regression and interpolation of a nonlinear function using a quasi one-dimensional cloud of potassium atoms and characterize the performance of our system.

M. Hans, E. Kath, M. Sparn, N. Liebster, F. Draxler, C. Schnörr, H. Strobel, M. K. Oberthaler, “Bose Einstein condensate as nonlinear block of a Machine Learning pipeline”, Apr. 28, arXiv:2304.14905, (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.14905

Related to Project A04

Abstract:

We present our experimental and theoretical framework, which combines a broadband superluminescent diode with fast learning algorithms to provide speed and accuracy improvements for the optimization of on-dimensional optical dipole potentials, here generated with a digital micromirror device. To characterize the setup and potential speckle patterns arising from coherence, we compare the superluminescent diode to a single-mode laser by investigating interference properties. We employ machine-learning tools to train a physics-inspired model acting as a digital twin of the optical system predicting the behavior of the optical apparatus including all its imperfections. Implementing an iterative algorithm based on iterative learning control we optimize optical potentials an order of magnitude faster than heuristic optimization methods. We compare iterative model-based “offline” optimization and experimental feedback-based “online” optimization. Our methods provide a route to fast optimization of optical potentials, which is relevant for the dynamical manipulation of ultracold gases.

M. Calzavara, Y. Kuriatnikov, A. Deutschmann-Olek, F. Motzoi, S. Erne, A. Kugi, T. Calarco, J. Schmiedmayer, M. Prüfer, “Optimizing Optical Potentials With Physics-Inspired Learning Algorithms”, Phys. Rev. Appl. 19 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prapplied/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.044090

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

The theoretical understanding of scaling laws of entropies and mutual information has led to substantial advances in the study of correlated states of matter, quantum field theory and gravity. Experimentally measuring von Neumann entropy in quantum many-body systems is challenging, as it requires complete knowledge of the density matrix, which normally requires the implementation of full state reconstruction techniques. Here we measure the von Neumann entropy of spatially extended subsystems in an ultracold atom simulator of one-dimensional quantum field theories. We experimentally verify one of the fundamental properties of equilibrium states of gapped quantum many-body systems—the area law of quantum mutual information. We also study the dependence of mutual information on temperature and on the separation between the subsystems. Our work represents a step towards employing ultracold atom simulators to probe entanglement in quantum field theories.

M. Tajik, I. Kukuljan, S. Sotiriadis, B. Rauer, T. Schweigler, F. Cataldini, J. Sabino, F. Møller, P. Schüttelkopf, Si-Cong Ji, D. Sels, E. Demler, J. Schmiedmayer, “Experimental verification of the area law of mutual information in a quantum field simulator”, Nature Phys., (2023).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-023-02027-1

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

The formation of dispersive shock waves in the one-dimensional Bose gas represents a limitation of Generalized Hydrodynamics (GHD) due to the coarse-grained nature of the theory. Nevertheless, GHD accurately captures the long wavelength behavior indicating an implicit knowledge of the underlying microscopic physics. Such representation are already known through the Whitham modulation theory, where dispersion-less equations describe the evolution of the slowly varying shock wave parameters. Here we study the correspondence between Whithams approach to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and GHD in the semi-classical limit. Our findings enable the recovery of the shock wave solution directly from GHD simulations, which we demonstrate for both zero and finite temperature. Additionally, we study how free expansion protocols affect the shock wave density and their implications for experimental detection. The combined picture of Whitham and GHD lends itself to additional physical interpretation regarding the formation of shock waves. Further, this picture exhibits clear analogies to the theory of Quantum GHD, and we discuss possible routes to establish an explicit connection between them.

F. Møller, P. Schüttelkopf, J. Schmiedmayer, S. Erne, „The Whitham approach to Generalized
Hydrodynamics“, 20. Apr. 2023, arXiv:2304.10533 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.10533

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

Quantum simulators built from ultracold atoms promise to study quantum phenomena in interacting many-body systems. However, it remains a challenge to experimentally prepare strongly correlated continuous systems such that the properties are dominated by quantum fluctuations. Here, we show how to enhance the quantum correlations in a one-dimensional multimode bosonic Josephson junction, which is a quantum simulator of the sine-Gordon field theory. Our approach is based on the ability to track the non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum properties. After creating a bosonic Josephson junction at the stable fixed point of the classical phase space, we observe squeezing oscillations in the two conjugate variables. We show that the squeezing oscillation frequency can be tuned by more than one order of magnitude, and we are able to achieve a spin squeezing close to 10 dB by utilising these oscillatory dynamics. The impact of improved spin squeezing is directly revealed by detecting enhanced spatial phase correlations between decoupled condensates. Our work provides new ways for engineering correlations and entanglement in the external degree of freedom of interacting many-body systems.

T. Zhang, M. Maiwöger, F. Borselli, Y. Kuriatnikov, J. Schmiedmayer, M. Prüfer, „Squeezing
oscillations in a multimode bosonic Josephson junction“, 5. Apr. 2023, arXiv:2304 . 02790 (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.02790

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

Having a detailed theoretical knowledge of the low-energy structure of the heavy odd-mass nucleus 197Au is of prime interest as the structure of this isotope represents an important input to theoretical simulations of collider experiments involving gold ions performed at relativistic energies. In the present article, therefore, we report on new results on the structure of 197Au obtained from state-of-the-art multi-reference energy density functional (MR-EDF) calculations. Our MR-EDF calculations were realized using the Skyrme-type pseudo-potential SLyMR1, and include beyond mean-field correlations through the mixing, in the spirit of the Generator Coordinate Method (GCM), of particle-number and angular-momentum projected triaxially deformed Bogoliubov quasi-particle states. Comparison with experimental data shows that the model gives a reasonable description of 197Au with in particular a good agreement for most of the spectroscopic properties of the 3/2+1 ground state. From the collective wave function of the correlated state, we compute an average deformation β¯(3/2+1)=0.13 and γ¯(3/2+1)=40∘ for the ground state. We use this result to construct an intrinsic shape of 197Au representing a microscopically-motivated input for precision simulations of the associated collider processes. We discuss, in particular, how the triaxiality of this nucleus is expected to impact 197Au+197Au collision experiments at ultrarelativistic energy.

B. Bally, G. Giacalone, M. Bender, “The shape of gold”, Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 58 (2023).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00955-3

Related to Project C06

Abstract:

We present the first direct and nonperturbative computation of the graviton spectral function in quantum gravity. This is achieved with the help of a novel Lorentzian renormalization group approach, combined with a spectral representation of correlation functions. We find a positive graviton spectral function, showing a massless one-graviton peak and a multigraviton continuum with an asymptotically safe scaling for large spectral values. We also study the impact of a cosmological constant. Further steps to investigate scattering processes and unitarity in asymptotically safe quantum gravity are indicated.

J. Fehre, D. F. Litim, J. M. Pawlowski, M. Reichert, “Lorentzian Quantum Gravity and the Graviton Spectral Function”, Phys.Rev.Lett. 130 (2023).

https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.081501

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

The atomic mass of uranium-238 has been determined to be 238.050787618⁢(15) u, improving the literature uncertainty by two orders of magnitude. It is obtained from a measurement of the mass ratio of 238U47+ and 132Xe26+ ions with an uncertainty of 3.5×10−12. The measurement was carried out with the Penning-trap mass spectrometer Pentatrap and was accompanied by a calculation of the binding energies 𝐸U and 𝐸Xe of the 47 and 26 missing electrons of the two highly charged ions, respectively. These binding energies were determined using an ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method to be 𝐸U=39927⁢(10) eV and 𝐸Xe=8971.2⁢(21) eV. The new mass value will serve as a reference for high-precision mass measurements in the heavy mass region of the nuclear chart up to transuranium nuclides.

K. Kromer, C. Lyu, J. Biero, M. Door, L. Enzmann, P. Filianin, G. Gaigalas, Z. Harman, J.
Herkenhoff, W. Huang, C. H. Keitel, S. Eliseev, K. Blaum, „Atomic mass determination of
uranium-238“, Phys. Rev. C 109, L021301 (2024).

https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.L021301

Related to Project B01, B02

Abstract:

The relationship between many-body interactions and dimensionality is integral to numerous emergent quantum phenomena. A striking example is the Bose gas, which upon confinement to one dimension (1D) obeys an infinite set of conservation laws, prohibiting thermalization and constraining dynamics. In our experiment, we demonstrate that such a 1D behavior can extend much further into the dimensional crossover toward 3D than expected. Starting from a weakly interacting Bose gas trapped in a highly elongated potential, we perform a quench to instigate the dynamics of a single density mode. Employing the theory of generalized hydrodynamics, we identify the dominant relaxation mechanism as the 1D dephasing of the relevant collective excitations of the system, the rapidities. Surprisingly, the dephasing remains dominant even for temperatures far exceeding conventional limits of one dimensionality where thermalization should occur. We attribute our observations to an emergent Pauli blocking of transverse excitations caused by the rapidities assuming fermionic statistics, despite the gas being purely bosonic. Thus, our study suggests that 1D physics is less fragile than previously thought, as it can persist even in the presence of significant perturbations. More broadly, by employing the exact Bethe ansatz solutions of the many-body system, we facilitate an interpretation of how the emergent macroscopic behavior arises from the microscopic interactions.

F. Cataldini, F. Møller, M. Tajik, J. Sabino, S.-C. Ji, I. Mazets, T. Schweigler, B. Rauer, J.
Schmiedmayer, “Emergent Pauli Blocking in a Weakly Interacting Bose Gas”, Phys. Rev. X 12 (2022).

https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.12.041032

Related to Project A03

Abstract:

Predictions are presented within the framework of the statistical hadronization model for integrated yields of bottomonia in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC. We investigate the centrality dependence of Υ production and provide predictions for a large set of still-unmeasured open-beauty hadrons.

A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich, J. Stachel, “Statistical Hadronization of b-quarks in PbPb Collisions at LHC Energy: A Case for Partial Equilibration of b-quarks?”, Acta Phys. Polon. Supp. 16, 1 (2022).

https://www.actaphys.uj.edu.pl/index_n.php?I=S&V=16&N=1#A107

Related to Project C05, A01, A02, C06

Abstract:

We discuss the emergence of a low-energy effective theory with quarks, mesons, diquarks and baryons at vanishing and finite baryon density from first principle QCD. The present work also includes an overview on diquarks at vanishing and finite density, and elucidates the physics of transitional changes from baryonic matter to quark matter including diquarks. This set-up is discussed within the functional renormalisation group approach with dynamical hadronisation. In this framework it is detailed how mesons, diquarks, and baryons emerge dynamically from the renormalisation flow of the QCD effective action. Moreover, the fundamental degrees of freedom of QCD, quarks and gluons, decouple from the dynamics of QCD below the respective mass gaps. The resulting global picture unifies the different low energy effective theories used for low and high densities within QCD, and allows for a determination of the respective low energy constants directly from QCD.

K. Fukushima, J. M. Pawlowski, N. Strodthoff, “Emergent Hadrons and Diquarks”, Annals Phys. 446, 169106 (2022).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003491622002093?via%3Dihub

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

The ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities via a comprehensive investigation of nuclear collisions at the LHC. Its physics programme initially focused on the determination of the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a deconfined state of quarks and gluons and was extended along the years, covering a diverse ensemble of observables related to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. The experiment has studied Pb-Pb, Xe-Xe, p-Pb and pp collisions in the multi-TeV energy range, during the Run 1 and Run 2 data taking periods at the LHC (2009-2018). The aim of this review article is to gather and summarise a selection of ALICE physics results and to discuss their implications on the current understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic properties of strongly interacting matter at the highest temperature reached in the laboratory. It will be shown that it is possible to have a quantitative description of the properties of the QGP produced in Pb–Pb collisions. We also show that various features, commonly ascribed to QGP formation, are detected for a wide range of interacting system sizes. Precision measurements of QCD-related observables not directly connected to the study of the QGP will also be discussed. Prospects for future measurements with the ALICE detector and its foreseen upgrades will also be briefly described.

ALICE Collaboration, “The ALICE experiment – A journey through QCD”, Nov. 8, 2022,
arXiv:2211.04384 (2022).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04384

Related to Project A01, A02, C05, C06

Abstract:

This document describes the plans of the ALICE Collaboration for a major upgrade of its detector, referred to as ALICE 3, which is proposed for physics data-taking in the LHC Run 5 and beyond. ALICE 3 will enable an extensive programme to fully exploit the LHC for the study of the properties of strongly interacting matter with high-energy nuclear collisions. The proposed detector layout, based on advanced silicon sensors, features superb pointing resolution, excellent tracking and particle identification over a large acceptance and high readout-rate capabilities. This document discusses the proposed physics programme, the detector concept, and its physics performance for a suite of benchmark measurements.

ALICE Collaboration, “Letter of intent for ALICE 3: A next-generation heavy-ion experiment
at the LHC”, Nov. 4, 2022, arXiv:2211.02491 (2022).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.02491

Related to Project A01, C06

Abstract:

We compute high-order baryon number fluctuations at finite temperature and density within a QCD-assisted low energy effective field theory. Quantum, thermal and density fluctuations are incorporated with the functional renormalization group approach. Quantum and in-medium fluctuations are encoded via the evolution of renormalization group flow equations. The resulting fourth- and sixth-order baryon number fluctuations meet the lattice benchmark results at vanishing density. They are consistent with experimental measurements, and in particular, the non-monotonic dependence of the kurtosis of net-baryon number distributions on the collision energy is observed in our calculations. This non-monotonicity arises from the increasingly sharpened chiral crossover with the decrease of collision energy.

W. Fu, X. Luo, J. M. Pawlowski, F. Rennecke, R. Wen, S. Yin, “High-order baryon number
fluctuations within the fRG approach”, PoS CPOD2021, 009 (2022).

https://pos.sissa.it/400/009

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

In this work, I calculate the resolved spectra for the three stages of the bottom-up scenario, which are comparable to the thermal contribution, particularly at higher values of the saturation scale . Analytical solutions are obtained by including a parametrization of scaling solutions from far-from-equilibrium classical statistical lattice simulations into a small angle kinetic rate. Furthermore, a theoretically motivated ansatz is used to account for near-collinear enhancement of the low- radiation. The system is phenomenologically constrained using the charged hadron multiplicities from LHC and RHIC as in previous parametric estimates and fair agreement with the data available for photons was found. I find that for this realistic set of parameters, the contribution from the pre-equilibrium dominates the excess photons.

O. Garcia-Montero, “Non-equilibrium photons from the bottom-up thermalization scenario”, Annals Phys. 443, 168984 (2022).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003491622001403?via%3Dihub

Related to Project

Abstract:

A central question in high-energy nuclear phenomenology is how the geometry of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formed in relativistic nuclear collisions is precisely shaped. In our understanding of such processes, two features are especially crucial for the determination of the QGP geometry, respectively, the nucleon size and the energy deposition scheme. This contribution reports on the (circular) evolution of such features in state-of-the-art model incarnations of heavy-ion collisions over the past seven years. Ideas for future directions of investigation are pointed out.

G. Giacalone, “There and Sharp Again: The Circle Journey of Nucleons and Energy Deposition”, Aug. 14, arXiv:2208.06839, (2023).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.06839

Related to Project C06

Abstract:

K. F. Muzakka, P. Duwentäster, T. J. Hobbs, T. Jeo, M. Klasen, K. Kovaík, A. Kusina, J. G.
Morfín, F. I. Olness, R. Ruiz, I. Schienbein, J. Y. Yu, “Impact of W and Z Production Data
and Compatibility of Neutrino DIS Data in Nuclear Parton Distribution Functions”, SciPost Phys Proc. 8, 041, (2022).

https://scipost.org/10.21468/SciPostPhysProc.8.041

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

Near the second order phase transition point, QCD with two flavours of massless quarks can be approximated by an O(4) model, where a symmetry breaking external field H can be added to play the role of quark mass.
The Lee-Yang theorem states that the equation of state in this model has a branch cut along the imaginary H axis for |Im[H]|>Hc, where Hc indicates a second order critical point.
This point, known as Lee-Yang edge singularity, is of importance to the thermodynamics of the system.
We report here on ongoing work to determine the location of Hc via complex Langevin simulations.

F. Attanasio, M. Bauer, L. Kades, J. M. Pawlowski, “Searching for Yang-Lee zeros in O(N)
models”, PoS LATTICE2021, 223 (2022).

https://pos.sissa.it/396/223

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We determine the chiral phase structure of ($2+1$)-flavor QCD in dependence of temperature and the light flavor quark mass with Dyson-Schwinger equations. Specifically, we compute the renormalized chiral condensate and its susceptibility. The latter is used to determine the (pseudo)critical temperature for general light current quark masses. In the chiral limit we obtain a critical temperature of about 141 MeV. This result is in quantitative agreement with recent functional renormalization group results in QCD and is compatible with the respective lattice results. We also compute the order parameter potential of the light chiral condensate, map out the regime in the phase diagram which exhibits quasi-massless modes, and discuss the respective chiral dynamics.

F. Gao, J. M. Pawlowski, “Phase structure of ($2+1$)-flavor QCD and the magnetic equation of state”, Physical Review D 105, (2022).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/piuz.202370204

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

Path integrals with complex actions are encountered for many physical systems ranging from spin- or mass-imbalanced atomic gases and graphene to quantum chromodynamics at finite density to the nonequilibrium evolution of quantum systems. Many computational approaches have been developed for tackling the sign problem emerging for complex actions. Among these, complex Langevin dynamics has the appeal of general applicability. One of its key challenges is the potential convergence of the dynamics to unphysical fixed points. The statistical sampling process at such a fixed point is not based on the physical action and hence leads to wrong predictions. Moreover, its unphysical nature is hard to detect due to the implicit nature of the process. In the present work we set up a general approach based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme in an extended state space. In this approach we derive an explicit real sampling process for generalized complex Langevin dynamics. Subject to a set of constraints, this sampling process is the physical one. These constraints originate from the detailed-balance equations satisfied by the Monte Carlo scheme. This allows us to rederive complex Langevin dynamics from a new perspective and establishes a framework for the explicit construction of new sampling schemes for complex actions.

L. Kades, M. Gärttner, T. Gasenzer, J. M. Pawlowski, “Monte Carlo sampling of complex
actions in extended state spaces”, Phys. Rev. E 105, 045315 (2022).

https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.105.045315

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We reconstruct ghost and gluon spectral functions in $2+1$ flavor QCD with Gaussian process regression. This framework allows us to largely suppress spurious oscillations and other common reconstruction artifacts by specifying generic magnitude and length scale parameters in the kernel function. The Euclidean propagator data are taken from lattice simulations with domain wall fermions at the physical point. For the infrared and ultraviolet extensions of the lattice propagators as well as the low-frequency asymptotics of the ghost spectral function, we utilize results from functional computations in Yang-Mills theory and QCD. This further reduces the systematic error significantly. Our numerical results are compared against a direct real-time functional computation of the ghost and an earlier reconstruction of the gluon in Yang-Mills theory. The systematic approach presented in this work offers a promising route toward unveiling real-time properties of QCD.

J. Horak, J. M. Pawlowski, J. Rodríguez-Quintero, J. Turnwald, J. M. Urban, N. Wink, S.
Zafeiropoulos, “Reconstructing QCD spectral functions with Gaussian processes”, Phys. Rev. D 105, (2022).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.036014

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We reconstruct the Lorentzian graviton propagator in asymptotically safe quantum gravity from Euclidean data. The reconstruction is applied to both the dynamical fluctuation graviton and the background graviton propagator. We prove that the spectral function of the latter necessarily has negative parts similar to, and for the same reasons, as the gluon spectral function. In turn, the spectral function of the dynamical graviton is positive. We argue that the latter enters cross sections and other observables in asymptotically safe quantum gravity. Hence, its positivity may hint at the unitarity of asymptotically safe quantum gravity.

A. Bonanno, T. Denz, J. M. Pawlowski, M. Reichert, “Reconstructing the graviton”, SciPost Phys. 12, 1 (2022).

https://scipost.org/10.21468/SciPostPhys.12.1.001

Related to Project A02, B03, C01

Abstract:

A longstanding question in QCD is the origin of the mass gap in the Yang-Mills sector of QCD, i.e., QCD without quarks. In Landau gauge QCD this mass gap, and hence confinement, is encoded in a mass gap of the gluon propagator, which is found both in lattice simulations and with functional approaches. While functional methods are well suited to unravel the mechanism behind the generation of the mass gap, a fully satisfactory answer has not yet been found. In this work we solve the coupled Dyson-Schwinger equations for the ghost propagator, gluon propagator and three-gluon vertex. We corroborate the findings of earlier works, namely that the mass gap generation is tied to the longitudinal projection of the gluon self-energy, which acts as an effective mass term in the equations. Because an explicit mass term is in conflict with gauge invariance, this leaves two possible scenarios: If it is viewed as an artifact, only the scaling solution survives; if it is dynamical, gauge invariance can only be preserved if there are longitudinal massless poles in either of the vertices. We find that there is indeed a massless pole in the ghost-gluon vertex, however in our approximation with the assumption of complete infrared dominance of the ghost this pole is only present for the scaling solution. We also put forward a possible mechanism that may reconcile the scaling solution, with an infrared dominance of the ghost, with the decoupling solutions based on longitudinal poles in the three-gluon vertex as seen in the PT-BFM scheme.

G. Eichmann, J. M. Pawlowski, J. M. Silva, “Mass generation in Landau-gauge Yang-Mills
theory”, Phys. Rev. D 104, 114016 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.114016

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

In local scalar quantum field theories at finite temperature correlation functions are known to satisfy certain nonperturbative constraints, which for two-point functions in particular implies the existence of a generalization of the standard Källén-Lehmann representation. In this work, we use these constraints in order to derive a spectral representation for the shear viscosity arising from the thermal asymptotic states, ${\eta }_0$. As an example, we calculate ${\eta }_0$ in ${\varphi }^4$ theory, establishing its leading behavior in the small and large coupling regimes.

P. Lowdon, R.-A. Tripolt, J. M. Pawlowski, D. H. Rischke, “Spectral representation of the shear viscosity for local scalar QFTs at finite temperature”, Phys. Rev. D 104, 065010 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.065010

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We calculate gluon and ghost propagators in Yang-Mills theory in linear covariant gauges. To that end, we utilize Nielsen identities with Landau gauge propagators and vertices as the starting point. We present and discuss numerical results for the gluon and ghost propagators for values of the gauge parameter $0<\xi \le 5$. Extrapolating the propagators to $\xi \to \infty$, we find the expected qualitative behavior. We provide arguments that our results are quantitatively reliable at least for values $\xi \lesssim 1/2$ of the gauge-fixing parameter. It is shown that the correlation functions, and, in particular, the ghost propagator, change significantly with increasing gauge parameter. In turn, the ghost-gluon running coupling as well as the position of the zero crossing of the Schwinger function of the gluon propagator remain within the uncertainties of our calculation unchanged.

M. Napetschnig, R. Alkofer, M. Q. Huber, J. M. Pawlowski, “Yang-mills propagators in linear covariant gauges from nielsen identities”, Phys. Rev. D 104, 054003 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.054003

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We combine two non-perturbative approaches, one based on the two-particle-irreducible (2PI) action, the other on the functional renormalization group (fRG), in an effort to develop new non-perturbative approximations for the field theoretical description of strongly coupled systems. In particular, we exploit the exact 2PI relations between the two-point and four-point functions in order to truncate the infinite hierarchy of equations of the functional renormalization group. The truncation is ”exact” in two ways. First, the solution of the resulting flow equation is independent of the choice of the regulator. Second, this solution coincides with that of the 2PI equations for the two-point and the four-point functions, for any selection of two-skeleton diagrams characterizing a so-called Ф-derivable approximation. The transformation of the equations of the 2PI formalism into flow equations offers new ways to solve these equations in practice, and provides new insight on certain aspects of their renormalization. It also opens the possibility to develop approximation schemes going beyond the strict Ф-derivable ones, as well as new truncation schemes for the fRG hierarchy.

U. Reinosa, J.-P. Blaizot, J. M. Pawlowski, “Functional renormalization group and 2PI effective action formalism”, Annals Phys. 431, 168549 (2021).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000349162100155X?via%3Dihub

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We discuss the far-from-equilibrium evolution of ${\varphi }^3$ theory in $1+1$ dimensions with the temporal functional renormalization group. In particular, we show that this manifestly causal approach leads to novel one-loop exact equations for fully dressed correlation functions. Within this setup, we numerically compute the dynamical propagator. Its behavior suggests self-similarity far from equilibrium in a restricted momentum regime. We discuss the scaling exponents for our solution, as well as the numerical satisfaction of energy and particle number conservation. We also derive a simple exact representation of the expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor solely in terms of the propagator.

L. Corell, A. K. Cyrol, M. Heller, J. M. Pawlowski, “Flowing with the temporal renormalization group”, Phys. Rev. D 104, 025005 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.025005

Related to Project B03

Abstract:

A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, D. Gündüz, Y. Kirchhoff, M. K. Köhler, J. Stachel, M. Winn, “Influence of modified light-flavor hadron spectra on particle yields in the statistical hadronization model”, Nuclear Physics A 1010, (2023).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375947421000415

Related to Project C05, A01, A02, C06

Abstract:

Real Clifford algebras for arbitrary numbers of space and time dimensions as well as their representations in terms of spinors are reviewed and discussed. The Clifford algebras are classified in terms of isomorphic matrix algebras of real, complex or quaternionic type. Spinors are defined as elements of minimal or quasi-minimal left ideals within the Clifford algebra and as representations of the pin and spin groups. Two types of Dirac adjoint spinors are introduced carefully. The relationship between mathematical structures and applications to describe relativistic fermions is emphasized throughout.

S. Floerchinger, “Real Clifford Algebras and Their Spinors for Relativistic Fermions ”, Universe 7, 168 (2021).

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/6/168

Related to Project B03, C06

Abstract:

We present a comprehensive study of the quark sector of $2+1$ flavor QCD, based on a self-consistent treatment of the coupled system of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the quark propagator and the full quark-gluon vertex in the one-loop dressed approximation. The individual form factors of the quark-gluon vertex are expressed in a special tensor basis obtained from a set of gauge-invariant operators. The sole external ingredient used as input to our equations is the Landau gauge gluon propagator with $2+1$ dynamical quark flavors, obtained from studies with Schwinger-Dyson equations, the functional renormalization group approach, and large volume lattice simulations. The appropriate renormalization procedure required in order to self-consistently accommodate external inputs stemming from other functional approaches or the lattice is discussed in detail, and the value of the gauge coupling is accurately determined at two vastly separated renormalization group scales. Our analysis establishes a clear hierarchy among the vertex form factors. We identify only three dominant ones, in agreement with previous results. The components of the quark propagator obtained from our approach are in excellent agreement with the results from Schwinger-Dyson equations, the functional renormalization group, and lattice QCD simulation, a simple benchmark observable being the chiral condensate in the chiral limit, which is computed as $(245\mathrm{MeV}{)}^3$. The present approach has a wide range of applications, including the self-consistent computation of bound-state properties and finite temperature and density physics, which are briefly discussed.

F. Gao, J. Papavassiliou, J. M. Pawlowski, “Fully coupled functional equations for the quark sector of QCD”, Phys. Rev. D 103, 094013 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.094013

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We propose a novel simulation strategy for Yang-Mills theories with a complex coupling, based on the Lefschetz thimble decomposition. We envisage that the approach developed in the present work can also be adapted to QCD at finite density and real-time simulations. Simulations with Lefschetz thimbles offer a potential solution to sign problems in Monte Carlo calculations within many different models with complex actions. We discuss the structure of generalized Lefschetz thimbles for pure Yang-Mills theories with a complex gauge coupling $\beta$ and show how to incorporate the gauge orbits. We propose to simulate such theories on the union of the tangential manifolds to the relevant Lefschetz thimbles attached to the critical manifolds of the Yang-Mills action. We demonstrate our algorithm on a ($1+1$)-dimensional U(1) model and discuss how, starting from the main thimble result, successive subleading thimbles can be taken into account via a reweighting approach. While we face a residual sign problem, our novel approach performs exponentially better than the standard reweighting approach.

J. M. Pawlowski, M. Scherzer, C. Schmidt, F. P. G. Ziegler, F. Ziesché, “Simulating Yang-Mills theories with a complex coupling”, Phys. Rev. D 103, 094505 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.094505

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

We investigate the dimensional crossover from three to two dimensions in an ultracold Fermi gas across the whole BCS-BEC crossover. Of particular interest is the strongly interacting regime as strong correlations and pair fluctuations are more pronounced in reduced dimensions. Our results are obtained from first principles within the framework of the functional renormalization group (FRG). Here, the confinement of the transverse direction is imposed by means of periodic boundary conditions. We calculate the equation of state, the gap parameter at zero temperature, and the superfluid transition temperature across a wide range of transversal confinement length scales. Particular emphasis is put on the determination of the finite-temperature phase diagram for different confinement length scales. In the end, our results are compared with recent experimental observations and we discuss them in the context of other theoretical works.

B. M. Faigle-Cedzich, J. M. Pawlowski, C. Wetterich, “Dimensional crossover in ultracold Fermi gases from functional renormalization”, Phys. Rev. A 103, 033320 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.033320

Related to Project C01

Abstract:

Reliably computing the free energy in a gauge theory like QCD is a challenging and resource-demanding endeavor. We explore the possibility to obtain the associated thermodynamic anomaly from two-point functions based on a conjectured relation. This conjecture is triggered by the relation to the Tan contact in condensed matter systems. For this investigation we use state-of-the-art results for the Yang-Mills gluon two-point function from the lattice and the functional renormalization group, as well as novel Dyson-Schwinger results at finite temperature computed in the present work. This allows for a first, qualitative, test of this conjecture. The results from all methods reveal the same nontrivial temperature behavior of the subleading large momentum dependence of the gluon propagator relevant for the conjectured relation. The comparison with the expected behavior for SU(2) Yang-Mills theory is encouraging to further pursue this approach.

O. Hajizadeh, M. Q. Huber, A. Maas, J. M. Pawlowski, “Exploring the Tan contact term in Yang-Mills theory”, Phys. Rev. D 103, 034023 (2021).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.034023

Related to Project A02, B03, C01, C05, C06

Abstract:

In this contribution, we discuss the asymptotic safety scenario for quantum gravity with a functional renormalization group approach that disentangles dynamical metric fluctuations from the background metric. We review the state of the art in pure gravity and general gravity–matter systems. This includes the discussion of results on the existence and properties of the asymptotically safe ultraviolet fixed point, full ultraviolet-infrared trajectories with classical gravity in the infrared, and the curvature dependence of couplings also in gravity–matter systems. The results in gravity–matter systems concern the ultraviolet stability of the fixed point and the dominance of gravity fluctuations in minimally coupled gravity–matter systems. Furthermore, we discuss important physics properties such as locality of the theory, diffeomorphism invariance, background independence, unitarity, and access to observables, as well as open challenges.

J. M. Pawlowski, M. Reichert, “Quantum Gravity: A Fluctuating Point of View”, Front. in
Phys. 8, 551848 (2021).

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.551848/full

Related to Project A02

Abstract:

The description of hadron production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the statistical hadronization model is very good, over a broad range of collision energy. We outline this both for the light (u, d, s) and heavy (charm) quarks and discuss the connection it brings to the phase diagram of QCD.

A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, K. Redlich, J. Stachel, “Hadron yields in central nucleusnucleus
collisions, the statistical hadronization model and the QCD phase diagram”, Jan. 14, 2021, arXiv:2101.05747 (2021).

https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.05747

Related to Project C05

Abstract:

As a result of a nontrivial mixing matrix, neutrinos cannot be simultaneously in a flavor and mass eigenstate. We formulate and discuss information entropic relations that quantify the associated quantum uncertainty. We also formulate a protocol to determine the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix from quantum manipulations and measurements on an entangled lepton-neutrino pair. The entangled state features neutrino oscillations in a conditional probability involving measurements on the lepton and the neutrino. They can be switched off by choosing a specific observable on the lepton side which is determined by the PMNS matrix. The parameters of the latter, including the $CP$-violating phase $\delta$, can be obtained by guessing them and improving the guess by minimizing the remaining oscillations.

S. Floerchinger, J.-M. Schwind, “Neutrino flavor-mass uncertainty relations and an entanglementassisted determination of the PMNS matrix”, Phys. Rev. D 102, 093001 (2020).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.093001

Related to Project C06, A06*

Abstract:

We present programmable two-dimensional arrays of microscopic atomic ensembles consisting of more than 400 sites with nearly uniform filling and small atom number fluctuations. Our approach involves direct projection of light patterns from a digital micromirror device with high spatial resolution onto an optical pancake trap acting as a reservoir. This makes it possible to load large arrays of tweezers in a single step with high occupation numbers and low power requirements per tweezer. Each atomic ensemble is confined to ~1 μm³ with a controllable occupation from 20 to 200 atoms and with (sub)-Poissonian atom number fluctuations. Thus, they are ideally suited for quantum simulation and for realizing large arrays of collectively encoded Rydberg-atom qubits for quantum information processing.

Y. Wang, S. Shevate, T. M. Wintermantel, M. Morgado, G. Lochead, S. Whitlock, “Preparation of hundreds of microscopic atomic ensembles in optical tweezer arrays”, npj Quantum Information 6 (2020).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-020-0285-1

Related to Project A05

Abstract:

We derive a simple relation between strangeness neutrality and baryon-strangeness correlations. In heavy-ion collisions, the former is a consequence of quark number conservation of the strong interactions while the latter are sensitive probes of the character of QCD matter. This relation allows us to directly extract baryon-strangeness correlations from the strangeness chemical potential at strangeness neutrality. The explicit calculations are performed within a low-energy theory of QCD with $2+1$ dynamical quark flavors at finite temperature and density. Nonperturbative quark and hadron fluctuations are taken into account within the functional renormalization group. The results show the pronounced sensitivity of baryon-strangeness correlations on the QCD phase transition and the crucial role that strangeness neutrality plays for this observable.

W. Fu, J. M. Pawlowski, and F. Rennecke, “Strangeness neutrality and baryon-strangeness correlations”, Phys. Rev. D 100, 111501 (2019).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.111501

Related to Project A01, A02, B03, C05, C06

Abstract:

We investigate the dynamics of axion-like particle (ALP) dark matter where the field range is enlarged by a monodromy. The monodromy potential allows sufficient production of dark matter also at larger couplings to the Standard Model particles. The potential typically features a number of “wiggles” that lead to a rapid growth of fluctuations. Using classical-statistical field theory simulations we go beyond the linear regime and treat the system in the non-linear and even non-perturbative regime. For sufficiently strong wiggles the initially homogeneous field is completely converted into fluctuations. The fluctuations correspond to dark matter particles with a non-vanishing velocity and we consider the corresponding restrictions from structure formation as well as the effects on today’s dark matter density. Since all the dark matter is made up from these strong fluctuations, the dark matter density features large, (1) fluctuations at scales ≲ 10⁶ km√eV/m_a.

J. Berges, A. Chatrchyan und J. Jaeckel, „Foamy dark matter from monodromies“, JCAP 1908,020 (2019).

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2019/08/020

Related to Project B03

Abstract:

A fundamental challenge in digital quantum simulation (DQS) is the control of an inherent error, which appears when discretizing the time evolution of a quantum many-body system as a sequence of quantum gates, called Trotterization. Here, we show that quantum localization-by constraining the time evolution through quantum interference-strongly bounds these errors for local observables, leading to an error independent of system size and simulation time. DQS is thus intrinsically much more robust than suggested by known error bounds on the global many-body wave function. This robustness is characterized by a sharp threshold as a function of the Trotter step size, which separates a localized region with controllable Trotter errors from a quantum chaotic regime. Our findings show that DQS with comparatively large Trotter steps can retain controlled errors for local observables. It is thus possible to reduce the number of gate operations required to represent the desired time evolution faithfully.

M. Heyl, P. Hauke, P. Zoller, “Quantum localization bounds Trotter errors in digital quantum simulation”, Science Advances 5 (2019).

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aau8342

Related to Project B04

Abstract:

We study the impact of attractive self-interactions on the nonequilibrium dynamics of relativistic quantum fields with large occupancies at low momenta. Our primary focus is on Bose-Einstein condensation and nonthermal fixed points in such systems. For a model system, we consider $O\left(N\right)$-symmetric scalar field theories. We use classical-statistical real-time simulations as well as a systematic $1/N$ expansion of the quantum (two-particle-irreducible) effective action to next-to-leading order. When the mean self-interactions are repulsive, condensation occurs as a consequence of a universal inverse particle cascade to the zero-momentum mode with self-similar scaling behavior. For attractive mean self-interactions, the inverse cascade is absent, and the particle annihilation rate is enhanced compared to the repulsive case, which counteracts the formation of coherent field configurations. For $N\ge 2$, the presence of a nonvanishing conserved charge can suppress number-changing processes and lead to the formation of stable localized charge clumps, i.e., $Q$ balls.

J. Berges, K. Boguslavski, A. Chatrchyan und J. Jaeckel, „Attractive vs. repulsive interactions
in the Bose-Einstein condensation dynamics of relativistic field theories“, Phys. Rev. D 96,2017 (2017).

https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.076020

Related to Project A03, A04, A05, B03